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LATIN 

A CONCISE GRAMMAR AND DRILL BOOK 

Including Recent Examination Questions 


BY 

CHARLES W. SIEDLER, M.A., Ph.D. 

Evander Childs High School, New York City. 
Formerly Professor of Latin, St. Francis 
College, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



NEW YORK 

GLOBE BOOK COMPANY 



"f ft*' 



l 



Copyright, 1923, by 
GLOBE BOOK COMPANY 



©01A704133 


ru© 


\ 


i lo -t, \ m 3 ' 


CONTENTS 


/ PAGE 

I. FORMS AND VOCABULARY. 6-59 

A. Declension... 6-29 

1. Nouns. 6 

2. Pronouns. 22 

3. Adjectives. .'. 26 

B. Comparison. 30-37 

1. Adjectives. 30 

2. Adverbs. 36 

C. Conjugation. 38-55 

1. Type Verbs. 40 

2. The Regular Conjugations. 42 

3. Irregular Verbs. 52 

4. Defectives. 54 

5. Impersonals. 55 

D. Particles. 56-59 

1. Prepositions. 56 

2. Adverbs. 57 

3. Conjunctions.:. 57 

II. SYNTAX. 60-93 

A. Nouns. 62-71 

1. Nominative. 62 

2. Vocative. 63 

3. Genitive. 64 

4. Dative. 66 

5. Accusative. 68 

6. Ablative. 70 

72 
74 

4 * 


B. Pronouns. 

C. Adjectives 


3 































4 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

D. Verbs. 76-93 

1. Indicative. 76 

2. Subjunctive. 78“85 

a. Adverbial Uses. 78 

b. Substantive Clauses. 80 

c. Conditions. 82 

d. Sequence of Tenses. 84 

3. Noun and Adjective Forms. 86-93 

a. Infinitives. 86 

b. Participles. 88 

c. Gerunds. 90 

d . Gerundives. 91 

e. Supines. 92 

4. Imperatives. 93 

III. DERIVATION. 94-97 

IV. APPENDIX. 99-128 

A. Classified Word-list with Definitions . 99-122 

B. Recent Examination Papers . 123-128 























INTRODUCTION 


The aim of this book is to present, as thoroughly as possible 
within the limited space, a comprehensive review of the essen¬ 
tial principles of the Latin language as taught in the best 
American high schools. 

A mastery of these elements will enable the student to 
assimilate with comparative ease the few new matters to be 
learned in Cicero and Vergil. The effort to attain clearness by 
a systematic and concise presentation with unit-paging has 
made it necessary to eliminate many details found in the regular 
text-books which this epitome is intended to supplement. 
Wherever possible, use has been made of the diagrammatic 
method as the simplest, the clearest and the most impressive 
form of classification for drill-work. The main objective is to 
stimulate dynamic expression through a multiple sense appeal. 

The illustrative vocabularies contain the words of most 
frequent occurrence. The complete list of words, compiled 
from Prof. Lodge’s Vocabulary of High School Latin , and 
supplemented by Browne’s Latin Word List , has been added 
as an appendix in which all the words, with their definitions 
on the reverse page, are classified according to their type. 
They should be used constantly in connection with the daily 
drill on the respective types. Many of the questions and 
sentences are taken directly from recent examinations papers; 
others have been given to clinch the essential point of each 
topic. 

The devices and suggestions are the result of actual class¬ 
room practice and will be found entirely feasible and effective. 

Charles W. Siedler. 

New York, 

December, 1922. 


5 



6 


LATIN 


HOW TO STUDY CASE-FORMS 

The first and fundamental step is mastery of the forms of 
each word as it appears in the daily lesson. Use the classified 
word-list in the Appendix constantly. 

Every day before taking up the translation-work, drill— 
aloud—from the Chart in the following order: If time allows, 
write the new words as they occur in the lesson. 

NOUNS 

1. Endings in Latin of each type in three ways: 

(а) Vertically—straight down both columns (limit, 

5 seconds). 

(б) Horizontally—straight across, sing, and plur. of 

each case. 

(c) Give select case-forms—rapidly and automatically. 

2. Type Nouns. Drill in the three ways indicated in (a), 
(6), (c). 

3. New Nouns. Drill in the three ways as above. Think 
of meanings. 

4. Select the most troublesome nouns of the list. Drill in 
the three ways. 

5. Combine with adjectives of the same gender. See belo*w. 

PRONOUNS 

1. Decline each pronoun, each gender, separately: 

(a) Vertically—through all the cases. 

(b) Horizontally—giving the singular and the plural 

of each case. 

(c) Give select case-forms—rapidly and automatically. 

2. Give each case separately in the three genders. 

3. Give select forms—vary the gender and the case. 


HOW TO STUDY CASE-FORMS 


7 


ADJECTIVES 

i. Study the Positive degree first. Study in three ways as 
for Pronouns. 

Note. —The positive is declined either (ist and 2d) or (3d-I-stem). 


2. Comparisons: 

(а) Study the three degrees—each gender separately. 

e.g., bonus , melior , optimus ; bona , melior , 
optima ; etc. 

(б) Drill each gender of each degree separately. 

Note. —The comparatives are 3d consonant-stems; the superlatives 
are ist and 2d like bonus. 


COMBINATIONS 

1. Gender. First observe the gender of the noun.— Nauta 
(.Masculine by exception). 

2. Agreement. Make the adjective agree in gender.—Nauta 

bonus. 

3. Drill vertically on the endings of the noun separately. 

4. Drill vertically on the endings of the adjective sep¬ 
arately. 

5. Combine the endings. Do not change the declension of 
either. 

6. Drill on noun with adjective. Do not change the end¬ 
ings! 

Note. —It will be found helpful at first to write each word separately 
on a separate sheet of paper, each according to its own declen¬ 
sion. Then bring the two sheets together with the same cases 
parallel. Then drill in combination. 


8 


LATIN 


FIRST DECLENSION—A-STEMS 

Key: Gen. Sing, -ae 



Feminine 

Masculine 

All Feminine 

N : V 

porta 

nauta 

victoria 

Gen. 

* portae 

* nautae 

* victoriae 

Dat. 

portae . 

nautae 

victoria e 

Ace. 

portam 

nautam 

victoriam 

Abl. 

porta 

nauta 

victoria 

N : V 

portae 

nautae 

victoriae 

Gen. 

portarum 

nautarum 

victoriarum 

Dat. 

portis 

nautis 

victoriis 

Acc. 

portas 

nautas 

victorias 

Abl. 

portis 

nautis 

victoriis 


Typp i. (Regular) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-a 

N : V 

-ae 

* -ae 

G. 

-arum 

-ae 

D. 

-Is 

-am 

A. 

-as 

-a 

Abl. 

-Is 


Type i 


Type 2. (Base.ending in -i) 


% 

Sing. 


Plur. 

-ia 

N : V 

-iae 

* -iae 

G. 

-iarum 

-iae 

D. 

-ils 

-iam 

A. 

-ias 

-ia 

Abl. 

-ils 


Type 2 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate , giving every possible meaning: 
Insulis, silvae, pugnas, agricolae, viarum, copils, filia, causa, provinciam, 
Insidiae. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: puella, littera, 
poena, iniuria, terra, fossa, vigilia, custodia, lingua, angustiae. 




















FIRST DECLENSION—A-STEMS 


9 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Drill according to type all nouns on list, in Appendix. 

2. The Gender is feminine, unless denoting males; there 
are no neuters. 

3. All nouns of Type 2 have two i’s in the ending of the 
dative and the ablative plural— victoriis. 

4. Some nouns lack the singular— angustia.e y insidme, 

5. Dea and filia use -abus in the dative and ablative 
plural—deabus, flimbus. 

6. The Locative singular is like the genitive singular— 
Roma.e. 

7. The Locative plural is like the ablative plural —A thenis. 

8. The masculines must not be combined with feminine 
adjectives. 

Note.—G ive special attention to the ending -ae. 


QUESTIONS 

1. What cases use the same endings? Illustrate with: fdma, pecunia. 

2. What nouns are used mainly in the plural? Illustrate each in a 
sentence. 

3. Give the possible cases and all the meanings of: silva.e, vigilils. 

4. What nouns have different meanings in the plural? Illustrate in 
sentences. 

5. What two plural cases have like forms? Use each form in a sen¬ 
tence. 

*6. Give the declension of each in the singular: fuga, copia, poeta. 

*7. Give the declension of each in the plural: silva, incola, custodia. 

*8. Give the declension with meanings of: filia, per fuga, iniuria. 

9. Decline all the feminines on the list with the feminine adjective 
magna. 

10. Give every possible use and meaning of: reglnae magnae, fortiinds 
magnas, operam magnam, vinels magnls, diligentid magna, familldrum 
magnarum, scientiam magnam, rlpis magnls. 


* Examination questions. 


10 


LATIN 


t 


SECOND DECLENSION—O-STEMS 


Key: Gen. Sing. -I 


Type i 

(Regular Masculine) 


Type 2 
(Irregular. M) 


Type 3 

(M-Base ending in -i) 


Sing. 


Plur. 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-r 

Nom. 

-i 


-ius 

Nom. 

-ii 

* -I 

G. 

-drum 


* -i 

G. 

-iorum 

-6 

D. 

-is 


-id 

D. 

-iis 

-um 

A. 

-os 


-ium 

A. 

-ios 

-6 

Abl. 

-is 


-io 

Abl. 

-iis 

-r 

Voc. 

-i 


-ie 

Voc. 

-ii 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-us 

Nom. 

-i 

*-i 

G. 

-drum 

-6 

D. 

-is 

-um 

A. 

-os 

-6 

Abl. 

-is 

-e 

Voc. 

-i 


Type i Type 2 Type 3 


Nom. 

annus 

anni 

puer 

pueri 

socius 

socii 

Gen. 

*anni 

annorum 

*pueri 

puerorum 

*soci 

sociorum 

Dat. 

anno 

annis 

puero 

pueris 

socio 

sociis 

Acc. 

annum 

annos 

puerum pueros 

socium 

socios 

Abl. 

anno 

annis 

puero 

pueris 

socio 

sociis 

Voc. 

anne 

anni 

puer 

pueri 

socie 

socii 


N : V 

bellum 

bella 

proelium 

proelia 

Gen. 

belli 

bellorum 

proeli 

proeliorum 

Dat. 

bello 

bellis 

proelio 

proeliis 

Acc. 

bellum 

bella 

proelium 

proelia 

Abl. 

bello 

bellis 

proelio 

proeliis 


Type 5. (N-Base ending in -i) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-ium 

N : V 

-ia 

* -I 

G. 

-iorum 

-id 

D. 

-iis 

-ium 

A. 

-ia 

-id 

Abl. 

-iis 


Type 5 


Type 4. (Regular Neuter) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-um 

N : V 

-a 

* -i 

G. 

-drum 

-d 

D. 

-is 

-um 

A. 

-a 

-d 

Abl. 

-is 


Type 4 















































SECOND DECLENSION—O-STEMS 


11 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Drill according to type, all words on list in Appendix. 

2. Gender: -um nouns are neuter; others are masculine 
with few exceptions. 

3. All nouns of Types 3 and 5 have two i’s in the ending of 
the dative and ablative plural—the Genitive singular is -I. 

4. In ager and liber, endings are added directly to the base.— 
agr-\ libr-. 

5. Locative singular is -i— Corinthl, domi; Locative plural 
is -Is —Pompeii s. 

6. Proper names and fllius (Type 3) have Vocative singular 

in -I— Cornell; fill. 

Note. —Give special attention to the ending -1. 


QUESTIONS 

1. What cases use the same endings? Illustrate with: animus , 
gladius, telum. 

2. What nouns are used mainly in the plural? Use each in a Latin 
sentence. 

3. Give the possible cases and all the meanings of: legatl, castra, fi i. 
*4. Give the declension of each in the singular: puer, helium, pilum. 
*5. Give the declension of each in the plural: lemplum, proelium, 

scutum, carrus. 

*6. Give the declension with meanings of: populus, nuntius, praesidium. 
7. Decline all the masculines on the list with the masculine adjective 
bonus-,, all the neuters with the neuter adjective novum. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate, giving every possible meaning: 
equis, servos, murum, agro, viri, gladils, oppida, signo, praesidils, consill. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: Regnum, 
legatus, gener, nuntius, castra, carrus, liberl, vlcus, aedificium, auxilium. 


LATIN 


12 


THIRD DECLENSION—CONSONANT STEMS 


Key: Gen. Sing, -is 


Type i 

(Nom. adds -s to Stem) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-s 

N : V 

-es 

*-is 

G. 

-um 

-i 

D. 

-ibus 

-em 

A. 

-es 

-e 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type i 


Type 2 

(No ending to Nom.) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

— 

N : V 

-es 

* -is 

G. 

-um 

-i 

D. 

-ibus 

-em 

A. 

-es 

-e 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type 


Type 3 
(Neuter) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

— 

N : V 

-a 

* -is 

G. 

-um 

-i 

D. 

-ibus 

Nom. 

A. 

-a 

-e 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type 3 



Masculine 

Feminine 

Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

N : V 

dux 

virtus 

victor 

legio 

flumen 

Gen. 

*ducis 

*virtutis 

*victoris 

*legionis 

*fluminis 

Dat. 

duel 

virtuti 

victor! 

legioni 

flumini 

Acc. 

ducem 

virtutem 

victorem 

legionem 

flumen 

Abl. 

duce 

virtute 

victore 

legione 

flumine 

N : V 

duces 

virtutes 

victores 

legiones 

flumina 

Gen. 

ducum 

virtutum 

victorum 

legionum 

fluminum 

Dat. 

ducibus 

virtutibus 

victoribus 

legionibus 

fluminibus 

Acc. 

duces 

virtutes 

victores 

legiones 

flumina 

Abl. 

ducibus 

virtutibus 

victoribus 

legionibus 

fluminibus 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate, giving every possible meaning: 
equites, vOcI, clvitatum, ordinum, regionibus, itinere, agmina, temporis, 
corporibus, legionem. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: vulnus, explo- 
rator, facultas, natio, corpus, opus, soror, homo, princeps, obses. 




























THIRD DECLENSION—CONSONANT STEMS 


13 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Drill according to type all words on list in Appen¬ 
dix. 

2. Always study the stem as it appears in the genitive 
singular. 

3. Locative singular is -I— run ; Locative plural is -ibus— 
7 Ya//ibus. 

4. Gender is very irregular. Study Classified List and 
observe the endings very carefully. 

Masculine: Males and most nouns in -or, -os, -er, -es 
(gen. -itis). 

Feminine: Females and most nouns in -6, -is, -x, and 
in -s preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel, except 

- 6 . 

Neuters: Most nouns in -e, -al, -ar, -n, -ur, -us, -t. 

Note. —Give special attention to the ending -es. 


QUESTIONS 

1. What cases use the same endings? Illustrate with: miles, mater, 
nomen. 

2. Give the possible cases and all the meanings of: equites; agmen. 

3. What plural cases are always alike? Use each form in a sentence. 

4. Give the declension with meanings of: obses, oratio, opus. 

*5. Give the declension of each in the singular: rex, caput, corpus, 
tempus. 

*6. Give the declension of each in the plural: miles, homo, vulnus. 

7. Decline all the masculines on the list with the masculine adjective 
clarus; all the feminines with the feminine adjective clara\ all the neuters 
with the neuter adjective clarum. 

8 . Give every possible use and meaning of: iudicl claro, peditum 
cldrorum, clvitate cldra, pacem cldrarn, imperdt'or clare, obsidionis clarae, 
nomina cldra, genus clarum, ordtidnibus clans, centurionis clarl. 


14 


LATIN 


THIRD DECLENSION—I-STEMS 

Memorize the following rules for recognizing I-stems: 


I. Masculines and Feminines are, 

1. Nouns in -es or is, not increasing in the genitive, 

2. Nouns in -ns or -rs, 

3. Monosyllables in -s or -x, preceded by a consonant. 
II. Neuters in -e, -al, -ar. 


N : V 

pons 

finis 

caedes 

mare 

animal 

Gen. 

*pontis 

*flnis 

*caedis 

*maris 

*animalis 

Dat. 

ponti 

flni 

caedi 

marl 

animal! 

Acc. 

pontem 

flnem 

caedem 

mare 

animal 

Abl. 

ponte 

fine 

caede 

mari 

animali 

N : V 

pontes 

fines 

caedes 

maria 

animalia 

Gen. 

pontium 

flnium 

caedium 

marium 

animalium 

Dat. 

pontibus 

flnibus 

caedibus 

maribjs 

animalibus 

Acc. 

pontis(pontes) 

finis (-es) 

caedis (-es) 

maria 

animalia 

Abl. 

pontibus 

flnibus 

caedibus 

maribus 

animalibus 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate , giving every possible meaning: 
clientes, vallium, navi, cohorte, hostis, clvls, partes, marl, mentibus, vires. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: mons, caedes, 
turris, mare, gens, adulescens, classis, vis, ignis, urbs. 


Type i. (Masc. or Fern.) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-s, -is, -es 

N : V 

-es 

* -is 

G. 

-ium 

-i 

D. 

-ibus 

-em 

A. 

-is (-es) 

-e 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type i 


Type 2. (Neuters) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-e, - 

N : V 

-ia 

* -is- 

G. ' 

-ium 

-i 

D. 

-ibus 

-e, - 

A. 

-ia 

-i 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type 2 





















THIRD DECLENSION—I-STEMS 


15 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Drill according to type all words on list in Appendix. 
Apply the rules for I-stems. 

2. Always study the stem as it appears in the genitive 
singular. 

3. The genitive plural is always -ium; the neuters have -I 
in the dative and ablative singular, and throughout the plural. 

4. The ablative singular is either -e or -i in the six nouns, 
Clvis, Avis, Turris, Finis, Ignis, Navis. (Note acrostic: 

Catfin.) 

5. Vis changes to vires in the plural; plebs is also declined 
according to the 5 th— plebes. 

Note. —Give special attention to the endings -is and -Is. 


QUESTIONS 

1. What cases use the same endings? Illustrate with: clvis, mons , 

urbs. 

2. Give the possible cases and all the meanings of: marl] hoste s, 

collls. 

3. What plural cases are always alike? Use each in a sentence. 

4. Give the declension with meanings of: cohors , navis , vis. 

*5. Give the declension of each in the singular: hostis, gens , valles. 

*6. Give the declension of each in the plural: urbs, pars, mons. 

7. Decline all the masculines of the list with the masculine adjective 
magnus ; all the feminines with the feminine adjective magna ; all the 
neuters with the neuter adjective magnum. 

8. Give every possible use and meaning of: pontes magnos, ignl 
magno, gentis magnas, urbis magnae, maribus magnis, navi magnae, turrim 
magnam, fines magni, aurium magnarum, mente magna. 


16 


LATIN 


FOURTH DECLENSION—U-STEMS 


Key: Gen. Sing, -us 


Type i. (M. and F.) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-us 

N : V 

-us 

* -us 

G. 

-uum 

-U1 (-u) 

D. 

-ibus 

-um 

A. 

-us 

-u 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type i 


Type 2. (Neuter) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-u 

N : V 

-ua 

* -us 

G. 

-uum 

-u 

D. 

-ibus 

-u 

A. 

-ua 

-u 

Abl. 

-ibus 


Type 2 



Masculine 

Feminine 

Neuter 

N : V 

exercitus 

manus 

cornu 

Gen. 

* exercitus 

* manus 

* cornus 

Dat. 

exercitui 

manui 

cornu 

Acc. 

exercitum 

manum 

cornu 

Abl. 

exercitu 

manu 

cornu 

N : V 

exercitus 

manus 

cornua 

Gen. 

exercituum 

manuum 

cornuum 

Dat. 

exercitibus 

manibus 

cornibus 

Acc. 

exercitus 

manus 

cornua 

Abl. 

exercitibus 

manibus 

cornibus 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate, giving every possible meaning 
aestas, exitum, equitatum, impetfl, senatus, domQs, eventibus, adventuum, 
casas, consulatui. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: passus, aditus, 
gradus, ttsus, metus, concursus, commeatus, cursus, magistratus, con¬ 
spectus. 



















FOURTH DECLENSION—U-STEMS 


17 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Drill according to type all words on list in Appendix. 

2. Study the genitive always. Do not confuse with the 
2nd Declension! 

3. Lacus uses -ubus; portus uses -ibus or -ubus in dat. 
and abl. plural. 

4. Domus appears also as: domd in abl. sing.; domdrum in 
gen. pi.; dontos in acc. plural. 

5. There are no Locatives, except the form doml (as of the 
2nd). 

Note. —Give special attention to the endings -us and -us. 


QUESTIONS 

1. What cases use the same endings? Illustrate with: impetus, 
equitatus. 

2. Give the possible cases and all the meanings of: metns ; cornxx. 

3. What is the rule for the vocatives? Compare with the 2nd 
Declension and illustrate. 

4. What plural cases are always alike? Use each in a sentence. 

5. Give the declension with meanings of: eventus, senatus, cornu. 

*6. Give the declension of each in the singular: cornu, manus, impetus, 
exercitus. 

*7. Give the declension of each in the plural: casus, portus. 

8. Decline all the masculines on the list with the masculine adjective 
parvus ; all the feminines with the feminine adjective parva ; all the neuters 
with the neuter adjective parvum ; 

9. Give every possible use and meaning of: cornua parva, aestus 
pann, gradiis parvos, exercituum parvorum, domiis parvae, impetibus parvis, 
senatu parvo, commedtibus parvis, metum parvum, usui parvo. 


18 


LATIN 


FIFTH DECLENSION—E-STEMS 

Key: Gen. sing. -li 


Type (F. and M.) 


Sing. 


Plur. 

-es 

N : V 

-es 

* -- 
-ei 

G. 

-erum 

-ei 

D. 

-ebus 

-em 

A. 

-es 

-e 

Abl. 

-ebus 



Feminine 

Masculine 

N : V 

res 

dies 

Gen. 

* rei 

* diei 

Dat. 

rei 

diei 

Acc. 

rem 

diem 

Abl. 

re 

die 

N : V 

res 

dies 

Gen. 

rerum 

dierum 

Dat. 

rebus 

diebus 

Acc. 

res 

dies 

Abl. 

rebus 

diebus 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate , giving every possible meaning: 
acies, fide, spes, rebus, planitiem, speciei, diebus, aciei, re, dierum. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: acies, fides, 
res, spes, planities, species, dies. 













FIFTH DECLENSION—E-STEMS 


19 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Drill according to type all words on list in Appendix. 

2. Only dies and res are complete in the plural. 

3. The gender is feminine, except for dies which is masculine, 
unless it is a date, an appointed day. “ The day of God is 
masculine; the day of man is feminine.’’ There are no neuters. 

4. Plebes is found also in the 3rd Declension, as plebs. 

5. Fides and spes are the only common nouns declined like 
res. 

6. Be careful not to confuse with -es nouns of the 3rd 
Declension. 

7. Always study the genitive singular; the -e- of the 
ending is short after a consonant— rei. 

Note. —Give special attention to the ending -es 


QUESTIONS 

1. What cases use the same endings? Illustrate with the type words. 

2. Give the possible cases and all the meanings of: acie s, spei. 

3. What two plural cases are always alike? Illustrate. 

*4. Give the declension of each in the singular: res, acies. 

*5. Give the declension of each in the plural: res, dies. 

6. Decline all the feminines on the list with the feminine adjective 
nova ; the masculine (dies) with the masculine adjective novus. 

7. Give every possible use and meaning of: acies novas, speciem 
novam, dies novi, rerum novdrum, spei novae, fide nova, acies novae, rebus 
novis, diem novum, pldnitiei novae. 


SUMMARY OF CASE-ENDINGS OF NOUNS 


20 


LATIN 



4 























































































SUMMARY OF CASE-ENDINGS OF NOUNS 


21 

SUMMARY OF CASE-ENDINGS OF NOUNS 

1. The datives and ablatives in the plural are always alike. 

2. The vocatives are like the nominatives, except in the singular of -us 
touns of the 2d Declension. 

3. The nominatives, accusatives and vocatives of all neuters are all 
like. The plural is always -a. 

4. The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and 
he accusative plural in -s preceded by the characteristic vowel of the 
eclension. 

5. Final -I and -6 are always long; final -a is short, except in the abla- 
ive singular of the 1st Declension. 

6. The genitives in the plural always end in -um. 

SUMMARY OF GENDERS OF NOUNS 
The Hand-Rule 

There are five declensions— five vowels— five fingers. 

The outside fingers (1-5) are feminine with few exceptions. 

The inner (2-4) are masculine; neuters easily recognized. 

The middle (3) contains all genders—study endings of types. 

General Exceptions 

Masculines—males, rivers, winds, months, mountains. 

Feminines—females, cities, countries, plants, trees, qualities. 

Neuters—indeclinables, infinitives, phrases. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What three things must be known about a noun before it can be 
declined? Illustrate with an example from each declension. 

2. What three cases of neuters are always alike? Illustrate by a neuter 
from each declension. 

3. What two plural cases are always alike in all genders? Illustrate. 

4. What is the rule for the vocative? What is the exception? Illus¬ 
trate. 

5. Illustrate each form of each declension with a different word from 
the Word-List. 

6. What consonant is found in the accusatives singular of all mascu¬ 
lines and feminines? What one in the accusatives plural? Illustrate 
each form with words from the classified list. 









LATIN 


PRONOUNS 
CLASSES OF PRONOUNS 

I. Personal, IV. Interrogative, 

II. Demonstrative, V. Indefinite. 

III. Relative, 

1. The essential meaning is for the noun ( pro-nomen 
signifying some person or thing without naming it. 

2. The so-called Possessive pronouns are really adjective: 
and are therefore classified with them. 

PERSONAL PRONOUNS 


First Person Second Person Third Person 


Sing. 


Plur. 


Sing. 


Plur. 


Sing. 


Plui 

ego 

N. 

nos 


tu 

N: V 

VOS 



N. 

— 

mel 

G. 

nostrum, (-trl) 


tul 

G. 

vestrum (-trl) 


sul 

G. 

sul 

mih! 

D. 

nobis 


tibl 

D. 

vobls 


sibl 

D. 

sibl 

me 

A. 

nOs 


te 

A. 

VOS 


se 

A. 

se 

me 

Abl. 

nobis 


te 

Abl. 

vobls 


se 

Abl. 

se 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. The Personal pronouns in the Oblique cases are ofte 
used reflexively. As reflexives , they have no nominatives bt 
refer back to the subjects usually of their own clauses. The 31 
person is always reflexive. It is declined alike in both number 

2. The Demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id, is frequently use 
as the Personal pronoun of the 3rd person; sometimes hie ar 
ille. 

3. The nominative of Personal pronouns is used only f< 
emphasis or contrast. 

4. The form se often appears in the emphatic form sese. 

5. The preposition cum is appended to the ablatives abo^ 
— mecum , vdblscum, etc. 

6. The forms nostrum and vestrum are for the partitk 
genitive. 























PRONOUNS 


ille 

£ 

illud 

illlus 

illl 

illud 

illo 

ilia 

illorum 

illis 

ilia 

illis 


ilia 

illlus 

ill! 

illam 

ilia 

illae 

illarum 

illis 

illas 

illis 


ille 

illlus 

illl 

ilium 

1110 

1111 

illorum 

illis 

illos 

illis 

hie 

£ 

to £ 

3 o o 3 o 

O • ^ ^ O O ^ ^ c/) ^ r/) 

0 3 3 0 0 ctS Irt h 2 ctj b 2 

,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 r 3 ,3 .3 ,3 

fe 

to 

o ^ o y 3 

O ‘ 3 O O $-1 TT) to r/} 

aj 3 3 ctj ictS ctS ictS ii 2 ictS i-h 

r 3 1-3 r 3 i -3 r 3 r 3 r 3 t 3 r 3 r 3 

M. 

to .. £ 

3 o 2 ,, 3 

o "3 '3 hi ^ * -i to !Z1 to 

n 3 3 3 O irt o i-h o 

,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,3 3 3 3 3 3 

in 

• H 

N. 

id 

eius 

el 

id 

eo 

ea 

eorum 

els (ils) 
ea 

els (ils) 

Ph’ 

ea 

eius 

el 

earn 

ea 

eae 

earum 

els (ils) 

eas 

els (ils) 


is 

eius 

el 

eum 

eo 

el (il) 

eorum 
els (ils) 
eos 

els (ils) 


Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 

Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 


C/3 

S 

o 

hH 

H 

< 

§ 

W 

C/3 

PQ 

O 


23 




£ o 


co 




O 3> 
O 3=! 




<N cO 































24 


LATIN 


The Relative pronoun qui, quae, quod, forms the basis of a 
other pronouns. The prefix ali-, and the suffixes -dam, -quan 
-que, -vis, -cumque, -libet, etc., must not be changed, in an 
compounds. 

RELATIVE PRONOUN 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

Gen. 

caius 

cuius 

cuius 

Dat. 

cul 

cul 

cul 

Acc. 

quern 

quam 

quod 

Abl. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

Dat. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Acc. 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Abl. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 


INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 

quis, quid. —Masculine and Feminine singular are alike 
the plural is like qui. 

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 

quis, quid —like the Interrogative. 

aliquis, aliquid. 

quisquam, quicquam. (The Plural is missing.) 

quisque, quidque. (The Plural is rare.) 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam. 

EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate , giving every possible meanin 
aliquibus, quoquam, quasque, quaeque, quendam, quorundam, quibusdar 
alicuius, quae, culquam. 

2. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: quaedar 
quicquam, aliquid, quis, quisquam, quidque, quiddam, quidam, qulcumqu 
aliquis. 










PRONOUNS 


25 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. All compounds of qui or quis when used as Pronouns 
ave the same form for the Masculine and the Feminine singu- 
r. 

2. All Indefinites and Interrogatives, when used as Adjec- 
ves, have all the Feminine forms, like quae above. 

3. All neuters of the Adjectives use quod in place of quid. 

4. The Interrogative Adjective is like the Relative qui, 
lae, quod. 

5. To translate some or any , use aliquis, except after si, 
: -si, ne, and num\ after these four conjunctions use quis. 

6. Quidam is the most definite; quis (qui) is least definite. 

7. Quisquam (any one at all) is used with negative ideas 
.ostly. It is not used in the plural. 

8. A few variations of spelling will be found in larger 
'ammars: aliqua, quidauam, etc. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Drill on all words listed in Appendix. Use each pronoun in a short 
itin sentence, varying the case and the gender. 

2. What are the possible cases and meanings of quae? of quod? 

3. What cases use the same endings? Give examples. 

4. Note the pronouns used in your daily lesson. Parse each. 

5. Check the pronouns in the Examination passages. Parse each. 

*6. Give the declension of Me in the feminine, singular and plural: 

*7. Give the declension of hie in the singular, masculine. 

8. Give every possible use and meaning of: nobis, se, hoc, ea, Mi, 
ibus, aliqui, quaedam, quique, cuiquam. 

9. Give every possible use and meaning of: ea tempora, Mi militi, 
c flumen, quibus itineribus, aliqui rex, quoddam nomen, cuique duci, 
dquam equite, aliquarum urbium, quae legibnes. 




26 


LATIN 


ADJECTIVES—DECLENSION 




1 

2 

3 

Gender 

M. 

- 

-us 

-er, -is, -x, -ns, -ior (Comparatives 


F. 

-a 

- 

-ris, -is, -x, -ns, -ior 


N. 

- 

-um 

-re, -e, -x, -ns, -ius (Comparatives 


FIRST AND SECOND THIRD 

DECLENSIONS DECLENSION 




M. 

F. 

N. 


M. 

F. 

N. 

Declension 

Type i 

-us 

-a 

-um 

Type i 

-x (-ns) 

-x (-ns) 

-x (-ns 


Type 2 

-er 

-ra 

-rum 

Type 2 

-is 

-is 

-e 


Type 3 

-er 

-era 

-erum 

Type 3 

-er 

-ris 

-re 


Note. —There are no adjectives in the 4th or the 5th Declensior 


FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 


Type i 



M. 

F. 

N. ■ 

Nom. 

altus 

alta 

altum 

Gen. 

alti 

altae 

alti 

Dat. 

alto 

altae 

alto 

Acc. 

altum 

altam 

altum 

Abl. 

alto 

alta 

alto 

Voc. 

alte 

alta 

altum 

N : V 

alti 

altae 

alta 

Gen. 

altorum 

altarum 

altorum 

Dat. 

altis 

altis 

altis 

Acc. 

altos 

altas 

alta 

Abl. 

altis 

altis 

altis 



























ADJECTIVES—DECLENSION 


n 


FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 

Type 2 



M. 

F. 

M. 

Nom. 

pulcher 

pulchra 

pulchrum 

Gen. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchri 

Dat. 

pulchro 

pulchrae 

pulchro 

Acc. 

pulchrum 

pulchram 

pulchrum 

Abl. 

pulchro 

pulchra 

pulchro 

N : V 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchra 

Gen. 

pulchrorum 

pulchrarum 

pulchrorum 

Dat. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

Acc. 

pulchros 

pulchras 

pulchra 

Abl. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

Type 3 


M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

liber 

libera 

liberum 

Gen. 

liberi 

liberae 

liberi 

Dat. 

llbero 

liberae 

llbero 

Acc. 

liberum 

liberam 

liberum 

Abl. 

llbero 

libera 

llbero 

N : V 

liberi 

liberae 

libera 

Gen. 

llberorum 

llberarum 

llberorum 

Dat. 

llberis 

llberis 

llberis 

Acc. 

llberos 

liberasi 

libera 

Abl. 

llberis 

llberis 

llberis 

Note.—1. 

Adjectives in -ius have Gen. sing, in -ii; 

Voc. sing. Masculine 


-ie. 

2. For adjectives in -er, observe the genitive singular of the masculine 
d the feminine singular, to decide its type. 




















28 


LATIN 


THIRD DECLENSION 

Type i—One Form 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

audax 

audax 

audax 

Gen. 

audacis 

audacis 

audacis 

Dat. 

audaci 

audaci 

audaci 

Acc. 

audacem 

audacem 

audax 

Abl. 

audaci (-e) 

audaci (e) 

audaci (-e) 

Nom. 

audaces 

audaces 

audacia 

Gen. 

audacium 

audacium 

audacium 

Dat. 

audacibus 

audacibus . 

audacibus 

Acc. 

audacis (-es) 

audacis (-es) 

audacia 

Abl. 

audacibus 

audacibus 

audacibus 


Note. —i. The singular is the same in all genders and in all forir 
except the accusative neuter. 

2. The masculine and the feminine are alike in all forms. 

3. All present participles (-ns, -ntis) follow this type. 


Type 2.—Two Forms 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

brevis 

brevis 

breve 

Gen. 

brevis 

brevis 

brevis 

Dat. 

brevi 

brevi 

brevi 

Acc. 

brevem 

brevem 

breve 

Abl. 

brevi 

brevi 

brevi 

Nom. 

breves 

breves 

brevia 

Gen. 

brevium 

brevium 

brevium 

Dat. 

brevibus * 

brevibus 

brevibus 

Acc. 

brevis (-es) 

brevis (-es) 

brevia 

Abl. 

brevibus 

brevibus 

brevibus 


Note.— 1. The singular is the same in all genders and in all forn 
except the nominative and accusative neuter. 

2. The masculine and the feminine are alike in all forms. 



















ADJECTIVES—DECLENSION 


29 


Type 3.—Three Forms 



M. 

F. 

N. . • 

Nom. 

acer 

acris 

acre 

Gen. 

acris 

acris 

acris 

Dat. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

Acc. 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

Abl. 

acri 

acri 

acri 

Nom. 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

Dat. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Acc. 

acris (-es) 

acris (-es) 

acria 

Abl. 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 


Note. —'The nominatives in the singular are all different. 

2. The masculine and the feminine are alike in all forms except the 
nominative singular. 


THE NINE IRREGULARS (PRONOMINALS) 

The following nine adjectives and their compounds have 
the genitive singular in -lus and the dative singular in -I, in all 
genders, like pronouns. 

1. alius, alia, aliud 4. neuter, neutra, neutrum 7. solus, sola, solum 

2. alter, altera, alterum 5. nullus, nulla, nullum 8. totus, tota, totum 

3. ullus, ulla, ullum 6. uter, utra, utrum 9. unus, una, unum 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

nullus 

nulla 

nullum 

Gen. 

nullius 

nullius 

nullius 

Dat. 

nulli 

nulli 

nulli 

Acc. 

nullum 

nullum 

nullum 

Abl. 

nullo 

nulla 

nullo 


Note. —1. The plurals are all regular of the 1st and 2nd Declensions. 

2. For the genitive singular of alius, alterius is used. 

3. The word unus may be used in the plural to modify plural nouns: 
castra una; or in the sense of alone* agricolae uni. 














30 


LATIN 


ADJECTIVES—REGULAR COMPARISON 


Type i . (Superlatives in -ss-) 


Positive 


Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

1st and 2nd 

M. 

-us 

-ior 

-issimus 

Declensions 

F. 

-a 

-ior 

-issima 

N. 

-um 

-ius 

-issimus 

3rd 

Declension 

M. 

-x (-is) 

-ior 

-issimus 

F. 

-x (-is) 

-ior 

-issima 

N. 

-x (-e) 

-ius 

-issimum 


Type 2. (Superlatives in -rr-) 


Positive 


Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

1st and 2nd 

M. 

-er 

-ior 

-errimus 

F. 

-ra 

-ior 

-errima 

Declensions 

N. 

-rum 

-ius 

-errimum 

3rd 

M. 

-er 

-ior 

-errimus 

F. 

-ris 

-ior 

-errima 

Declension 

N. 

-re 

-ius 

-errimum 


Type 3. (Superlatives in -11-) 


Positive 

Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

3rd 

M. 

-lis 

-ior 

-illimus 

Declension 

F. 

-lis 

-ior 

-illima 

only 

N. 

-le 

-ius 

-illimum 































ADJECTIVES—REGULAR COMPARISON 


31 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. The Positive is either (ist and 2nd), or 3rd Declension. 

2. The Comparative is 3rd Declension, Consonant-stem. 

3. The Superlative is always of the ist and 2nd Declensions. 

4. Always observe the ending of the Positive, masculine, 
and give the comparison according to type. 

5. Always give each gender separately. First compare and 
then decline each according to the nominative singular. Vary 
the case. 

6. The Comparative has a variety of translations: altior, 
means: higher, too high, somewhat high, rather high, quite (?) 

7. The Superlative may be translated—highest, very high, 
most high. 


QUESTIONS 

1. Decline each adjective on the list in the Appendix, giving each 
gender separately , as rapidly as possible. 

2. Decline each adjective in your daily lesson, giving all the case- 
forms of the gender used. 

3. Decline each of the adjectives used in the Examination passages. 

4. Give the three genders of each adjective in the Examination pas¬ 
sages, in the case used in the text. 

5. Parse each adjective as it appears in the Examination passages. 

6. Decline in full giving the meanings: nauta . miser ; miles acer; 
iniuria magna, via brevis , helium Ion gum, proelium acre. 

7. Decline each of the nine irregulars with the noun oppidum. 

8. Decline with meanings: niilla alia urbs\ neuter imperator. 

9. State all the possible cases and meanings of: castra una\ nulll 
pueri\ nullis dominis. 

10. Compare each word on the list in the Appendix, giving each gender 
separately. 

11. Compare each adjective as it appears in your daily lesson, giving 
the case used. 

12. Compare the adjectives in the Examination passages, giving the 
nominative singular. 

*13. Give the comparative and the superlative of each of the following: 
altus, acer, similis. 


32 


LATIN 


ADJECTIVES—IRREGULAR COMPARISON 

Type i . (Changing Stems) 


1. bonus 

melior 

optimus 

2. magnus 

maior 

maximus 

3. malus 

peior 

pessimus 

4. parvus 

minor 

minimus 

5. multus (-urn) 

-, (plus) 

plurimus (-um) 

6. multi 

plures 

pluriml 


Type 2. (Two Superlatives) 


1. exterus, 

exterior 

extremus (extimus) 

2. Inferus 

Inferior 

Infimus (imus) 

3. posterus 

posterior 

postremus (postumus) 

4. superus 

superior 

supremus (summus) 


Type 3. (No Positives) 


1. (cis, citra) j citerior 

citimus 

2. (in, intra) interior 

intimus 

3. (prae, pro) prior 

primus 

4. (prope) propior 

proximus 

5. (ultra) j ulterior 

ultimus 


OBSERVATIONS 


1. The Positive is either (1st and 2nd) or 3rd Declension. 

2. The Comparative is 3rd Declension, Consonant-stem. 

3. The Superlative is always of the 1st and 2nd Declen¬ 


sion. 


EXERCISES 


1. Pronounce , analyze and translate, giving every 'possible meaning: 
bona, maiores, pluribus, superioribus, citerioris, ulteriore, priores, melius, 
maximum, peius. 












ADJECTIVES—IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


33 


Type 4. (With Adverbs) 


With the adverbs: magis, maxime. e.g., idoneus, magis idoneus, 
maxime idoneus. 

1. Many adjectives ending in -alis, -aris, -idus,-ilis, icus, -imus, 
-inus, -orus. 

2. Adjectives in -us, preceded by a vowel, idone us, egreg ius. 


NO COMPARISON 

1. Possessive adjectives— meus, noster, etc. 

2. Pronominals— nullus, etc. 

3. Numerals (see next page). 

4. Meanings forbid— medius, ceteri, etc. 

5. Indeclinables— tot, necesse, etc. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Drill on the irregular adjectives in the Appendix. 

2. Pick out all the irregular adjectives in your daily lesson. Com¬ 
pare each in the three genders, wherever possible. 

3. Select all the irregular adjectives in the Examination passages. 
Parse each form as it appears in the text. 

*4. Write the comparative and the superlative of: multus, magnus, 
malus. 

5. Write with meanings the comparison in the gender given: malum, 
optima, minor (f.), plurimae, superum, inf era, primum, prior if.), extremum, 
magna. 

6. With the ablative plural of iter, write the comparative of: magnus, 
idoneus, multi. 

7. With the dative singular of miles, write the superlative of: bonus, 
egregius, prior. 

8. With the accusative plural of legio, write the positive of: noster, 
ceteri, minor. 

9. Compare the following in the ablative singular: magnus, parvus, 
inferus, egregius, bonus. 

10. Compare the following in the ablative singular: malus, exterus, 
idoneus, super us, bonus. 

11. Compare the following in the accusative plural: multi, posterus, 
idoneus, bonus, magnus. 











34 


LATIN 


NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 


Cardinals 

1. unus, -a, -um 

2. duo, duae, duo 

3. tres, tres, tria 

4. quattuor 

5. qulnque 

6. sex 

7. septem 

8. octo 

9. novem 

10. decern 

11. undecim 

12. duodecim 

13. tredecim (decern et tres) 

14. quattuordecim 

15. qulndecim 

16. sedecim 

17. septendecim 

18. duodevigintl (octodecim) 

19. undevlgintl (novendecim) 

20. vlgintl 

21. vlgintl unus 

(unus et vlgintl) 

30. trlginta 
40. quadraginta 
50. qulnquaginta 
60. sexaginta 
70. septuaginta 
80. octoginta 
90. nonaginta 
100. centum 
200. ducentl, -ae, -a 
1000. mille 


Ordinals 
primus, -a, -um 
secundus (or alter) 
tertius 
quartus 
qulntus 
sextus 
Septimus 
octavus 
nonus 
decimus 
undecimus 
duodecimus 
tertius decimus 
quartus decimus 
qulntus decimus 
sextus decimus 
septimus decimus 
duodevlcesimus 
undevlcesimus 
vlcesimus or (vlcensimus) 
vlcesimus primus 
(unus et vlcesimus) 
trlcesimus 
quadragesimus 
qulnquagesimus 
sexagesimus 
septuagesimus 
octogesimus 
nonagesimus 
centesimus 
ducentesimus 
mlllesimus 


NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 


35 


Declension of duo, tres, and mllle. 



M. 

F. 

N. 

M. and F. 

N. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Nom. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

tres 

tria 

mllle 

milia 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

trium 

trium 

mllle 

milium 

Dat. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

mllle 

milibus 

Acc. 

duos (duo) 

duas 

duo 

trls (tres) 

tria 

mllle 

milia 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

mille 

milibus 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. The Cardinals are indeclinable (except unus, duo, tres, 
the hundreds above centum, and mille as a noun). The 
Ordinals are declined in the ist and 2nd Declensions, like altus, 
-a, -urn. 

2. For the declension of unus, see the Pronominals. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Count from 1 to 21 by 2’s; by 4’s; by 6’s. Reverse from 21-1. 

2 Count from 2 to 20 by 3’s; by 6’s; by 9’s. Reverse. 

3. Count from 1 to 21 by 5’s; by 10’s. Reverse. 

4. Count by 3’s up to 20, starting at 1; start at 2; start at 3. 

5. Mark each numeral adjective in your daily lesson. Parse each. 

6. What construction is used with millet With milia? Why? 


EXERCISES 

1. Write the declension with meanings. Repeat aloud: ducentl equites, 
una castra, tres naves, sextus mons, nonus mensis, quattuor defensores, 
quartum decimum nomen. 

2. With the accusative of obses, write the word for: seven, twenty-three, 
second, nineteenth, fifth, forty-two. 

3. With the genitive of vulnus, write the word for: two, six, fifth, tenth, 
fifteen, twenty-three. 

















36 


LATIN 


COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 

Some adverbs may be compared. No adverbs can be 
declined.- 

REGULAR COMPARISON 

Formation 

I. From adjectives of the ist and 2nd Declensions: 

1. Give the neuter, nom. sing.— altum, altius, altissimum. 

2. Change the endings of the Positive and the Superlative 

by adding -e to the stem. 

3. The Comparative remains unchanged. 


Type i. (-ss- in the superlative) 


alte, 

altius, 

altissime 

clare, 

clarius, 

clarissime 

longe, 

longius, 

longissime 

Type 2. 

(-rr- in the superlative) 

aegre, 

aegrius, 

aegerrime 

libere, 

llberius, 

liberrime 

pulchre, 

pulchrius, 

pulcherrime 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate: amlcissime, certius, peritissimS, 
inimice, amplius, creberrime, sacrius, commodius, timide, flrmius. 

2. Form adverbs from the following. Compare the adverbs: superbus, 
notus, amplus, imperltus, certus, tardus, iustus, sacer, creber, integer. 

3. Give the adjectives from which the following are derived. Compare 
the adjectives: certs, longe, ample, repents, tardissime, superbius, firms 
notissime, crebrius, amlcissime. 









COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 


37 


[I. From adjectives of the 3rd Declension: 

1. Give the neuter, nom. sing.— audax , audacius , audacis- 

simum. 

2. Change the ending of the Positive by adding -ter to 

the stem; the Superlative by adding -e. 


Type i. (-ss- in the superlative) 


fortiter 

fortius, 

fortissime 

audacter 

audacius, 

audacissime 

recenter 

recentius, 

recentissime 

Type 2. 

(-rr- in the superlative) 

acriter, 

acrius, 

acerrime 

celeriter, 

celerius, 

celerrime 


All stems are regarded as I-stems, except adjectives in -ax 

and -ns. 


IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


bene, 

melius, 

op time 

multum, 

plus, plurimum 

diu, 

diutius, 

diutissime 

parum, 

minus, minime 

male, 

peius, 

pessime 

saepe, 

saepius, saepissime 

magnopere, magis, 

maxime 

facile, 

facilius, facillime 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate: gravissime, levius, nobilissime, 
utilius, turpissime, difficilius, facillime, similiter, gravius, utilissime. 

2. Form adverbs from the following. Compare the adverbs: similis, 
difficilis, nobilis, levis, gravis, brevis, turpis, atilis. 

3. Give the adjectives from which the following are derived. Compare 
the adjectives: certe, longe, ample, diligenter, graviter, audacter, repente, 
vehementer, nobilius, brevius, simillime, difficilius. 






THE VERB—STEMS: Present = i. Perfect = 2. Participial 


38 


LATIN 


Passive 

Part. 


• 

hH 

CO 



Based on the Chart of 

Prof. E. G. Sihler, N. Y. University 

Inf. 

►-h 


cO 

CO 



Imp. 

>— 1 


HH 




Sub. 

hH 

hH 


CO 

CO 


Ind. 

hH 

hH 

hH 

CO 

cO 

CO 

Active 

Part. 

hH 


cO 




hH 


Inf. 

hH 


CO 

cs 




cO 

Imp. 

hH 


hH 






Sub. 

hH 

hH 



N 




Ind. 

h-1 

hH 

hH 


cs 

<N 



Tense 

Present. 

Imperfect. 

Future. 

Perfect. 

Pluperfect. 

Future Perfect. . 

Gerunds. 

Supines. 













































































































THE VERB 


39 


HOW TO STUDY VERB-FORMS 

Of all words in a sentence, the verb is the most essential. 
It is the word ( verbum ). Hence, the supreme importance of a 
thorough mastery of its forms. 

The following elements of the verb must be mastered: 

I. The System (Conjugation), 

II. The Principal Parts, 

III. The Tense Signs, 

IV. The Personal Endings. 

I. The System of the Verb is best understood by a careful 
;tudy of the chart opposite. Observe: 

1. There are three stems from which all the forms are 
lerived. 

2. The upper half, except for the Future Infinitives and the 
future Participle Active are all based on the Present stem. 

3. The lower half is equally divided: the left using the 
Perfect Stem, the right the Participial Stem. 

4. Colored Chart: Coloring the diagram, with a different 
'olor for each stem , will make the system clear at a glance. 

II. The Principal Parts contain the three stems. The 
nost essential Part is the second , which gives the key to the 
/owel system. The vowel before the -re shows the Conjuga- 
;ion. The first Part merely gives the word as such. The 
Parts must be known instantaneously and used constantly. 

III. The Tense Signs indicating changes in time are best 
earned by rapid synopses of the endings, of the model and of 
he type verbs of each conjugtion. (See the Synopses for 
iach Conjugation.) 

IV. The Personal Endings must be so thoroughly memorized 
hat they will be recognized at a glance (or sound). After 
jiving synopses in the third singular, change the person and 
he number, and drill as before. 


TYPE VERBS—INDICATIVE 


40 


LATIN 









































































TYPE VERBS 


41 


TYPE VERBS—PERSONAL ENDINGS 



Active 

Passive 

Perf. Ind. Act. (only) 

I 

-6 (-m) -mus 

-r -mur 

-i -imus 

2 

-s -tis 

-ris -mini 

-isti -istis 

3 

-t -nt 

-tur -ntur 

-it -erunt 


PRINCIPAL PARTS 


1 

am 6, 

a mare, 

amavi, 

amatus 

2 

moneo, 

monere, 

monui, 

monitus 

3 

rego, 

regere, 

rexi, 

rectus 

3 (i) 

capio, 

capere, 

cepi, 

captus 

4 

audio, 

audire, 

audivi, 

auditus 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. All other forms, except Imperatives, are given in the 
Synopses. Imperatives and the Future Infinitive Passive are 
too infrequent to require daily drill. See the Imperative end¬ 
ings on page 93. 

2. Study finite forms in three ways: 

(a) Tense endings; ( b ) Complete tenses; (c) Synopses in 
the 3rd singular. 

3. Vowels of the tense signs shorten before a final -m, -r, 
-t, and -nt. 

Note. — Deponents put aside ( de-ponere ) the Active and keep the Passive 
with Active meaning. 

Semi-Deponents are regular in the Present system, in the Per¬ 
fect system, they have Passive forms with Active meaning. 

EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce and name the form, stating in order the tense, mood, voice, 
person, number and gender {if any). Translate: monitus, eras, amaveritis, 
regemur, audiant, cepissemus, amabaris, audlvistis, rexerim, cap turn est, 
monerentur, audietis, regebamini, amavistl, monuerimus, capiebas, audi- 
untur, monebimur, ceperat, recti, erunt, amatae estis. 











42 


LATIN 


FIRST CONJUGATION—A-Verbs 

Stems: Pres. am(a)-* Perf. amav-** Part, amat-*** 
SYNOPSIS—3rd Singular 



(1) *-6, (2) *-are, (3) **-avi, 

(4) ***-atus 



Indicative 




ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Present 

(5) 

*-at (amat) 

(6) 

*-atur (amatur) 

Imperf. 

(7) 

*-abat 

(8) 

*-abatur 

Future 

(9) 

*-abit 

(10) 

*-abitur 

Perfect 

(n) 

**-(av)it (amavit) 

(14) 

***-(at)us est 

Pluperf. 

(12) 

**-(av)erat 

(15) 

***-(at)us erat 

Fut. Perf. (13) 

**-(av)erit 

(16) 

***-(at)us erit 



Subjunctive 



Present 

(17) 

*-et (amet) 

(18) 

*-etur (ametur) 

Imperf. 

(19) 

*-aret 

(20) 

*-aretur 

Perfect 

(21) 

**-(av)erit 

(23) 

***-(at)us sit 

Pluperf. 

(22) 

**-(av)isset 

(24) 

***-(at)us esset 



Infinitives 



Present 

(25) 

*-are 

(26) 

*-ari 

Future 

(27) 

***-(at)urus esse 


***-(at)um irl 

Perfect 

(28) 

**-(av)isse 

(29) 

***-(at)us esse 



Participles 



Present 

(30) 

*-ans 



Future 

(3i) 

***-(at)urus 

(32) 

*-andus 

Perfect 



(33) 

***-(at)us 


Gerunds 

Supines 

Gen. 

(34) 

*-andi Ace. 

(38) 

***-(at)um 

Dat. 

(35) 

*-ando Abl. 

(39) 

***-(at)u 

Ace. 

(36) 

*-andum 



Abl. 

(37) 

*-ando 














FIRST CONJUGATION—A-VERBS 


43 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Make a colored chart as explained on p. 39. Write the 
ibove endings in the appropriate squares. 

2. Drill on the above synopsis. Limit to 15 seconds. Use 
ihart and a watch. 

3. Follow the numbers and give only the endings. 

4. Drill with all type verbs on list in Appendix. Use a 
vatch, allowing not more than 60 seconds for each verb. 

5. For Deponents, omit: Ind. and Subj. Act. and the 
'nfin. (25) and (28). 


QUESTIONS 

1. Give the complete synopsis in the 3d sing, of: puto, voco, hortor. 

*2. Give synopsis in 3d plur. of Ind. and Subj. Pass.: porto, imperd, 
noror. 

*3. Give synopsis in 3d sing, of Ind. Act. and Pass.: servo, postulo. 

*4. Give synopsis in 3d plur. of Ind. and Subj., Act. and Pass,: vasto, 
iecerto. 

5. Give the complete synopsis in the 1st plural: Conor. Translate 
?ach form by giving the corresponding synopsis in English. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate: vocavistis, spectabo, expugnetur, 
servando, enuntiabas, hiemavisse, appellatae eratis, portaverimus, occupa- 
;us, llberatum erit. 

2. Pronounce and name the form, stating in order the tense, mood, voice, 
Person, number and gender {if any). Translate: vastata sunt, revocabiminl, 
superarentur, imperans, cohortatus es, vulnerabamur, armavistl, morando, 
2onvocaturus esse, nuntiavissem. 

3. Give the principal parts and all the infinitives, marking all the long 
wwels. Translate: exlstimo, oro, evoco, enuntio, suspicor, propero, sto, do, 
:onor, paco. 

4. Give the principal parts and conjugate the present, the future and the 
berfect indicative active; deponents in the passive: conflrmo, puto, concito, 
oronuntio, appropinquo, ambulo, arbitror, proelior, insto, circumdo. 





44 


LATIN 


SECOND CONJUGATION—E-Verbs 

Stems: Pres, mon(e)-*, Perf. monu-**, Part, monit-*** 
SYNOPSIS—3rd Singular 


(1) *-eo, (2) *-ere, (3) *M, (4) ***-(t)us 


Indicative 



ACTIVE 


PASSIVE 

Present 

( 5 ) 

*-et (monet) 

(6) 

*-etur (monetur) 

Imperf. 

( 7 ) 

*-ebat 

(8) 

*-ebatur 

Future 

( 9 ) 

*-ebit 

(10) 

*-ebitur 

Perfect 

(11) 

**-it (monuit) 

(14) 

***-(t)us est 

Pluperf. 

(12) 

**-erat 

( 15 ) 

***-(t)us erat 

Fut. Perf. (13) 

**-erit 

(16) 

***-(t)us erit 



Subjunctive 



Present 

( 17 ) 

*-eat (moneat) 

(18) 

*-eatur (moneatur) 

Imperf. 

(19) 

*-eret 

(20) 

*-eretur 

Perfect 

(21) 

**-erit 

(23) 

***-(t)us sit 

Pluperf. 

(22) 

**-isset 

(24) 

***-(t)us esset 



Infinitives 



Present 

(25) 

*-ere 

(26) 

*-eri 

Future 

(27) 

***-(t)urus esse 


***-(t)um iri 

Perfect 

(28) 

**-isse 

(29) 

***-(t)us esse 



Participles 



Present 

(30) 

*-ens 



Future 

( 3 i) 

***-(t)urus 

(32) 

*-endus 

Perfect 



( 33 ) 

***-(t)us 


Gerunds 


Supines 

Gen. 

( 34 ) 

*-endi Acc. 

( 38 ) 

***-(t)um 

Dat. 

( 35 ) 

*-endo Abl. 

( 39 ) 

***-(t)u 

Acc. 

( 36 ) 

*-endum 



Abl. 

( 37 ) 

*-endo 












SECOND CONJUGATION—E-VERBS 


45 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Make a colored chart. Write the above endings in the 
appropriate squares. 

2. Drill on the above synopsis. Limit to 15 seconds. Use 
chart and a watch. 

3. Follow the numbers and give only the endings. 

4. Drill with all type verbs on list in Appendix. Limit 
to 60 seconds. 

5. For Deponents, omit: Ind. and Subj. Act. and Infin. 
(25) and (28). 


QUESTIONS 

1. Give the synopsis complete in the 3d sing, of: habed, doced, vereor. 

*2. Give synopsis in 3d plur. of Ind. and Subj. Pass.: moved , auged , 
polliceor. 

*3. Give synopsis in 3d sing, of Ind. Act. and Pass.: deterred , compleo. 

*4. Give synopsis in 3d plur. of Ind. and Subj., Act. and Pass.: video % 
debeo. 

5. Give the complete synopsis in the 1st plural: vereor. Translate 
each form by giving the corresponding synopsis in English. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate: obtinuisse, auxeratis, visus es, 
habendus, mOtus esse, respondens, mansistis, pollicitus sum, licebit, 
vereatur. 

2. Pronounce and name the form , stating in order the tense , mood , voice , 
person , number and gender (if any). Translate: deberl, permotl erant, 
retinendo, perterreret, obsidens, completu, merebitur, patebat, nocuisse, 
ausQrus. 

3. Give the principal parts and all the infinitives , marking all long vowels. 
Translate: sustineo, doceo, tueor, audeo, prohibeo, iubeo, contineo, valeo, 
adhibeo, provideo. 

4. Give the principal parts and conjugate the present , the future and the 
perfect indicative active; deponents in the passive: admoneO, commoveo, 
pertineo, augeo, praebeo, persuadeo, studeo, polliceor, vereor, audeo. 


46 


LATIN 


THIRD CONJUGATION—E-Verbs 

Stems: Pres, reg(e)-*, Perf. rex-**, Part, rect-*** 
SYNOPSIS—3rd Singular 



(1) *- 

6, (2) *-ere, (3) *M, 

( 4 ) 

***-(t)us 



Indicative 




ACTIVE 


PASSIVE 

Present 

( 5 ) 

*-it (regit) 

(6) 

*-itur (regitur) 

Imperf. 

( 7 ) 

*-ebat 

(8) 

*-ebatur 

Future 

(9) 

*-et 

(10) 

*-etur 

Perfect 

(II) 

**-it (rexit) 

(14) 

***-(t)us est 

Pluperf. 

(12) 

**-erat 

( 15 ) 

***-(t)us erat 

Fut. Perf. (13) 

**-erit 

(16) 

***-(t)us erit 



Subjunctive 



Present 

(17) 

*-at (regat) 

(18) 

*-atur (regatur) 

Imperf. 

(19) 

*-eret 

(20) 

*-eretur 

Perfect 

(21) 

**-erit 

(23) 

***-(t)us sit 

Pluperf. 

(22) 

**-isset 

(24) 

***-(t)us esset 



Infinitives 



Present 

(25) 

*-ere 

(26) 

*-i 

Future 

(27) 

***-(t)urus esse 


***-(t)um in 

Perfect 

(28) 

**-isse 

(29) 

***-(t)us esse 



Participles 



Present 

(30) 

*-ens 



Future 

(31) 

***-(t)urus 

(32) 

*-endus 

Perfect 



( 33 ) 

***-(t)us 


Gerunds 


Supines 

Gen. 

( 34 ) 

*-endi Acc. 

( 38 ) 

***-(t)um 

Dat. 

( 35 ) 

*-endo Abl. 

( 39 ) 

***-(t)u 

Acc. 

( 36 ) 

*-endum 



Abl. 

( 37 ) 

*-endo 












THIRD CONJUGATION—E-VERBS 


47 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Make a colored chart. Write the above endings in the 
appropriate squares. 

2. Drill on the above synopsis. Limit to 15 seconds. Use 
chart and a watch. 

3. Follow the numbers and give only the endings. 

4. Drill with all type verbs on list in Appendix. Limit 
to 60 seconds. 

5. For Deponents, omit: Ind. and Subj. Act. and Infin. 
(25) and (28). 


QUESTIONS 

1. Give the synopsis complete in the 3d sing, of: ago, scribo, pello, 
sequor. 

*2. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing. Ind., Act. and Pass, of: vinco, 
mitto. 

*3. Give the synopsis in the 3d plur. Ind. and Subj., Act. and Pass.: 
re go, ago. 

4. Give the complete synopsis in the 2d plur.: diicd, proficiscor. 
Translate each form by giving the corresponding synopsis in English. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate: cognoveratis, cedendo, loquetur, 
petaminl, poposcimus, resistunt, Gteris, arcessl, traxerat, positus. 

2. Pronounce and name the form, stating in order the tense, mood, voice, 
person, number and gender (if any). Translate: dictum erat, scrlpsisse, 
tradetur, crescendo, nactus, proficlscens, collocuturns, vicl, crevissent, 
statu tu. 

3. Give the principal parts and all the infinitives, marking all long vowels. 
Translate: cSgS, contendo, nascor, nanclscor, cSnsuescS, conscribo, educS, 
praemitts, oppSno, intellego. 

4. Give the principal parts and conjugate the present, the future, and the ‘ 
perfect indicative active; deponents in the passive: defends, gerS, relinquS, 
SmittS, redflcs, premS, expells, occlds, subsequor, prScurrS. 



48 


LATIN 


THIRD CONJUGATION—Verbs in -10 

Stems: Pres, cap(e)-*, Perf. cep-**, Part, capt-*** 
SYNOPSIS—3rd Singular 



(1) Mo, (2) Mre, (3) *M, 

(4) ***-(t)us 



Indicative 




ACTIVE 


PASSIVE 

Present 

(5) 

Mt (capit) 

(6) 

Mtur ( capit ur) 

Imperf. 

(7) 

Mebat 

( 8 ) 

Mebatur 

Future 

(9) 

Met 

(10) 

Metur 

Perfect 

(11) 

*Mt (cepit) 

(14) 

***-(t)us est 

Pluperf. 

( 12 ) 

**-erat 

(15) 

***-(t)us erat 

Fut. Perf. ( 13 ) 

**-erit 

(16) 

***-(t)us erit 



Subjunctive 



Present 

(17) 

Mat (capiat) 

(18) 

Matur (capiatur) 

Imperf. 

(19) 

*-eret 

( 20 ) 

*-eretur 

Perfect 

(21) 

**-erit 

(23) 

***-(t)us sit 

Pluperf. 

( 22 ) 

*Msset 

(24) 

***-(t)us esset 



Infinitives 



Present 

(25) 

*-ere 

(26) 


Future 

(27) 

***-(t)urus esse 


***-(t)um iri 

Perfect 

(28) 

*Msse 

(29) 

***-(t)us esse 



Participles 



Present 

(30) 

Mens 



Future 

(3i) 

***-(t)urus 

(32) 

Mendus 

Perfect 



(33) 

***-(t)us 


Gerunds 

Supines 

Gen. 

^34) 

*-iendi 



Dat. 

(35) 

Mendo Acc. 

(38) 

***-(t)um 

Acc. 

(36) 

Mendum Abl. 

(39) 

***-(t)u 

Abl. 

(37) 

Mendo 












THIRD CONJUGATION—VERBS IN -IO 


49 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Make a colored chart. Write the above endings in the 
appropriate squares. 

2. Drill on the above synopsis. Limit to 15 seconds. Use 
chart and a watch. 

3. Follow the numbers and give only the endings. 

4. Drill with all type verbs on list in Appendix. Limit 
to 60 seconds. 

5. For Deponents, omit: Ind. and Subj., Act. and Infin. 
(25) and (28). 


QUESTIONS 

1. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing, of: iacid, accipid, progredior. 

*2. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing. Ind., Act. and Pass, of: rapid, 
conficio. 

*3. Give the synopsis in the 3d plur. Ind. and Subj., Act. and Pass.: 
incipid. 

4. Give the complete synopsis in the 1st sing.: reicio, adgredior. 
Translate each form by giving the corresponding synopsis in English. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate: susceperam, inicl, refugisse, 
progrediens, cupiemus, incipiamur, exceptus sis, praeficitur, perspiciendum, 
ereptae eramus. 

2. Pronounce and name the form, stating in order the tense, mood, voice, 
person, number and gender (if any). Translate: patiens, refugerant, 
conspexisse, deiectus eram, perfectus, accepistis, egressus esse, recipiebamus, 
perspexissetis, satisfacient. 

3. Give the principal parts and all the infinitives, marking all long vowels. 
Translate: praecipio, conficio, eicio, despicio, profugio, congredior, patior, 
cupio, traicio, efficio. 

4. Give the principal parts and conjugate the present, the future and the 
perfect indicative active; deponents in the passive: excipio, deficio, conicio, 
conspicio, perfugio, adgredior, cupio, interfick), intericio, eripio. 


50 


LATIN 


FOURTH CONJUGATION—I-Verbs 

Stems: Pres, aud(i)-*, Perf. audiv-**, Part, audit-*** 
SYNOPSIS—3rd Singular 


(I) 

Mo 

(2) *-ire, (3) **-(Iv)I, 

( 4 ) 

***-(i)tus 



Indicative 




ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

Present 

(5) 

*-it (audit) 

( 6 ) 

Mtur (auditur) 

Imperf. 

( 7 ) 

Mebat 

( 8 ) 

Mebatur 

Future 

( 9 ) 

Met 

(10) 

Metur 

Perfect 

(n) 

**-(v)it (audivit) 

(14) 

***-(It)us est 

Pluperf. 

(12) 

**-(iv)erat 

( 15 ) 

***-(it)us erat 

Fut. Perf. 

(i 3 ) 

**-(iv)erit 

(16) 

***-(it)us erit 



Subjunctive 



Present 

(i 7 ) 

Mat (audiat) 

(18) 

*-iatur (audiatur) 

Imperf. 

(19) 

*-iret 

(20) 

*-iretur 

Perfect 

(21) 

**-(Iv)erit 

(23) 

***-(it)us sit 

Pluperf. 

( 22 ) 

**-(iv)isset 

(24) 

***-(it)us esset 



Infinitives 



Present 

(25) 

*-ire 

(26) 

*-iri 

Future 

(27) 

***-(it)urus esse 


***-(it)um iri 

Perfect 

( 28 ) 

**-(iv)isse 

(29) 

***-(it)us esse 



Participles 



Present 

(30) 

Mens 



Future 

( 3 i) 

***-(it)urus 

(32) 

*-iendus 

Perfect 



( 33 ) 

***-^t) us 

Gerunds 

Supines 

Gen. 

( 34 ) 

Mendl Acc. 

( 38 ) 

***-(it)um 

Dat. 

( 35 ) 

Mendd Abl. 

( 39 ) 

***-(It)u 

Ace. 

(36) 

*-iendum 



Abl. 

( 37 ) 

Mendd 










FOURTH CONJUGATION—I-VERBS 


51 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Make a colored chart. Write the above endings in the 
appropriate squares. 

2. Drill on the above synopsis. Limit to 15 seconds. Use 
chart and a watch. 

3. Follow the numbers and give only the endings. 

4. Drill with all the type verbs on list in Appendix. Limit 
to 60 seconds. 

5. For Deponents, omit: Ind. and Subj. Act. and Infin. 
(25) and (28). 


QUESTIONS 

1. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing, of: miinid, convenid, orior. 

*2. Give the synopsis in the 3d plur. Ind. and Subj. Pass.: audio, 
adorior. 

*3. Give the synopsis in the 3d sing. Act. and Pass. Indie, of: reperid. 
4. Give the complete synopsis in the 2d sing.: scio, invenid, potior. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate: reppereramus, pervenies, dorml- 
turus, potltl erunt, venistis, oriebatur, adoriendl, munirentur, sciatur, 
expertus sum. 

2. Pronounce and name the form, stating in order the tense, mood, voice, 
person, number, and gender (if any). Translate: impediam, circum- 
venerunt, compcrirl, serviebas, dormlrem, adortl erimus, potiendo, 
inventus esse, sensisse, munltum esset. 

3. Give the principal parts and all the infinitives, marking all the long 
vowels. Translate: scio, sentio, expedio, invenio, servio, potior, experior, 
munio, orior, reperio. 

4. Give the principal parts and conjugate the present, the future and the 
perfect indicative active; deponents in the passive: venio, adorior, potior, 
comperiO, sentio, impedio, scio, servio, experior, mGnio. 


IRREGULAR VERBS—INDICATIVE 


LATIN 


52 




•o 

fib 

fis 

fit 

fiunt 

fiebam 

fiam 

fies 

factus s.um 

factus eram 

factus ero 

facio 

facio 

facis 

facit 

facimus 

facitis 

faciunt 

faciebam 

faciam 

facies 

feci 

feceram 

fecerb 

eo 

eo 

is 

it 

imus 

itis 

eunt 

ibam 

ibo 

ibis 

ii 

ieram 

ier5 

fero 

fero 

fers 

fert 

ferimus 

fertis 

ferunt 

ferebam 

feram 

feres 

tuli 

tuleram 

tulero 

maid 

malo 

mavis 

mavult 

malumus 

mavultis 

malunt 

malebam 

malam 

males 

malui 

malueram 

maluero 

nolo 

nolo 
non vis 
non vult 
nolumus 
non vultis 
nolunt 

nolebam 

nolam 

noles 

nolui 

nblueram 

nbluero 

volo 

vol5 

vis 

vult 

volumus 

vultis 

volunt 

volebam 

volam 

voles 

volui 

volueram 

voluerb 

possum 

possum 

potes 

potest 

possumus 

potestis 

possunt 

poteram 

potero 

poteris 

potui 

potueram 

potuero 

urns 

sum 

es 

est 

sumus 

estis 

sunt 

eram 

ero 

eris 

fui 

fueram 

fuero 


Present 

Imperf. 

Future 

Perfect 
Pluperf. 
Fut. Perf. 
















































































IRREGULAR VERBS 


53 


IRREGULAR VERBS—PRINCIPAL PARTS 

sum, esse, ful, (futurus) 
possum, posse, potul 
volo, velle, volul 
nolo, nolle, nolul 
malo, malle, malul 
fero, ferre, tull, latus 
eo, ire, il (ivl), itum 

facio, facere, feci, factus; flo, fieri, factus sum 


Note. —Attack the Irregulars in three ways: 

1. Memorize the principal parts thoroughly. 

2. Study the Present Tense separately. 

3. Construct the rest of the verbs according to the system 
of the 3rd Conjugation. 

OBSERVATIONS 

1. The passive of fero , aside from its principal parts, is 
regular. 

2. The passive of eo and its intransitive compounds are 
used only as impersonals, 3rd singular neuter; itum est. 

3. Transitive compounds of eo (ad-, in-, sub-, trans-,) have 
all the forms of the passive. Observe the future tense sign. 

4. There are no passives for sum, volo and their compounds. 

5. Possum is for pot-sum ; t-s becomes -ss-\ t-f becomes t-. 

6. A few other irregularities can be checked with your 
text-book:—erunt, fer, etc. 

7. Prepositional compounds of facio are regular in the 
passive: conficior, etc. 

EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce, analyze and translate: tuleratis, fiemus, noluisse, vellmus, 
poterunt, ibit, maluerint, feram, fueris, flat. 

2. Pronounce and name the form, stating in order the tense, mood, voice , 
person, number and gender (if any). Translate: factum est, eundo, feret, 
ferret, nolletis, potes, eamus, volet, fecistl, factu. 

3. Give the principal parts and conjugate the present, the future and the 
perfect indicative of all the Irregulars given above. Mark all the long vowels. 



54 


LATIN 


DEFECTIVES AND IMPERSONALS 
DEFECTIVES 


The essential meaning is to lack ( deflcere ), because they lack 
certain forms, usually the Present system. 

The commonest defective is coepi: 



Indicative 

Subjunctive 


Infinitive 

Participle 

Perfect 

coepi 

coeperim 

Perf. 

coepisse 

coeptus 

Pluperf. 

coeperam 

coepissem 




Fut. Perf. 

coepero 


Fut. 

coepturus esse 

coeptQrus 


1. In the same way are conjugated odl and meminl, though 
the perfect tenses have present meanings, (cf. cogndvl.) 

2 . Passive forms of coepi are used with passive infinitives— 
iacl coeptl sunt. 

3. The only other common defective is inquit, the Present 
or Perfect Indicative of inquam, introducing direct quotations. 

IMPERSONALS 

The essential meaning is not-personal ( in-persona ), because 
their subjects are not persons. Therefore, they are found only 
in the third person singular— neuter , and in the infinitives. 

The commonest impersonal is licet: 



Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Infinitive 

Present 

licet 

liceat 

licere 

Imperfect 

licebat 

liceret 


Future 

licebit 


liciturum esse 

Perfect 

licuit (licitum est) 

licuerit (licitum sit) 

licuisse 

Pluperf. 

licuerat (licitum erat) 

licuisset (licitum esset) 


Fut. Perf. 

licuerit (licitum erit) 


















DEFECTIVES AND IMPERSONALS 


55 


IMPERSONALS—Continued 

1. The subject may be an infinitive, a clause or a neuter 
pronoun. 

2. Other impersonals conjugated in the same way are— 
decet, oportet, though they have no passive forms. 

3. Intransitive verbs may be used impersonally in the 
passive ;— pugnatm, pugnatum est; ventum est. 

4. Intransitive verbs that govern the dative, retain the 
dative in the passive— Mihl non persuaderi potest. 


QUESTIONS 

1. Find illustrations of defective verbs in your daily lesson. Give the 
synopsis of each in the 3rd person singular. 

2. Select from your daily work all the impersonal verbs. Give the 
synopsis of each and explain the syntax. 

3. See if you can find any defective or impersonal verbs in the Examina¬ 
tion passages. 

4. Give a synopsis in English of the expression, “ You may speak." 
Give the synopsis in Latin by translating each of the English sentences. 


EXERCISES 

1. Pronounce , analyze and translate: coeperit, liceat, oportebit, coepistis, 
Oderant, ventum erat, pugnabitur, licuisset, deceret, meminisse. 

2. Pronounce and name the form , stating in order the tense , mood , voice , 
person and number. Translate: coeperunt, liceret, deceat, oportuerat, 
pugnabatur, ventum esset, persuadebitur, memineram, odisse, resistitur. 

3. With the dative “mihi” give the synopsis in the 3rd singular , passive 
{neuter). Translate each sentence: credo, laveo, noceo, pareo, persuadeo, 
resisto, studeo, licet, imperO, suadeo. 


56 


LATIN 


PREPOSITIONS 

The essential meaning is to place before (prae-ponere ), to 
show relation between its object, noun or pronoun, and the 
preceding part of the sentence. 

1. cum nay be appended to the ablatives of Personal, 
Reflexive, Relative and Interrogative pronouns :—me cum, 
ndblscnm^ quibuscum, etc. 

2. versus always follows its case :—urbem versus. 


I. With the Accusative (Idea of Motion ), the most fre¬ 
quent are: 


ad, to 

adversus, against 
ante, before 
apud, with, near 
circiter, about 
circum, around 
contra, against 
extra, outside 


in, into 
infra, below 
inter, between 
intra, within 
ob, on account of 
per, through 
post, after 


praeter, past 

prope, near 

propter, on account of 

sub, under 

super, over 

trans, across 

ultra, beyond 


II. With the Ablative (Idea of Rest), the most frequent are: 


a, ab, abs, from, by 
cum, with 

de, down from, concerning 
e, ex, out from 
in, in 


prae, before 
pro, in front of, for 
sine, without 
sub, under 


III. With the Accusative or the Ablative: 
in, into, in sub, under 

1. Memorize the above lists. Compare with Appendix. 

2. Compare the prepositions constantly with the prefixes. 



CONJUNCTIONS 


57 


CONJUNCTIONS 

The essential meaning is joining-together ( conjungere ) ideas 
in clauses, phrases or words. 

TYPES 

I. Coordinate, 

1. Regular, 

(a) Simple:— et, atque, aut. 

( b ) Correlative:— et-et, neque-neque. 

2. Post-positive, (never stand first in the clause):— 

enim, autem, -que. 

II. Subordinate:— ut, ne, postquam. 

ADVERBS 

The essential meaning is to-the-verb ( ad-verbum ), because 
usually modifying the action, although often limiting adjec¬ 
tives or other adverbs. 

TYPES 

I. Compared (see pp. 36-37). 

1. Regular, 

(a) From adjectives of the 1st and 2nd Declen¬ 

sions:— ample , longe. 

(b ) From adjectives of the 3rd Declension:— 

audacter, celeriter. 

2. Irregular: bene, parum. 

II. Not compared, 

1. Regular:— deinde , semper. 

2. Conjunctive:— etiam, quoque, quidem. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Give the three degrees of all adverbs on the list in the Appendix, 
wherever comparison is possible. 

2. Select all the adverbs in your daily lesson. Compare them if pos¬ 
sible. State the word on which each depends. 

3. Mark all the adverbs in the Examination passages. Parse each. 



58 


LATIN 


ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS 

The most difficult words in English are the apparently 
simple little prepositions. Each may have a variety of mean¬ 
ings, thus: of has 25 variations, with has 17, to has 15, etc. 
Therefore, before attempting to translate an English sentence, 
it is absolutely necessary to understand the relations between 
the ideas in the sentence. These relations are shown by our 
prepositions. The following are the most frequent meanings of 
the commonest prepositions: 


Preposi¬ 

tion 

Use (Idea) 

Latin 

Example 


Means 

Ablative 

Pilo vulneratus est. 


Agency 

Ablative (ab) 

Ab equitibus captus est. 


Place 

Ad, prope 

Ad fontem stdbant. 


Manner 

Ablative 

Sive casu slve consilio 
accidit. 

* * 

Degree—Diff. 

Ablative 

Est altior decern pedibus. 

BY 

Cause 

Ablative 

His rebus vir delectdtus 
est. 


Time 

Ablative 

Noctu ex urbe profectus est. 


Compounds 

Essential 

(set by, come by, stand 



meaning 

by.) 


Idioms 

etc. 

Idioms 

(By-a.nd-by, one by one, 
by means of.) 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Develop the accompanying lists from new meanings in 
your daily translations. 

2. Always note the idea —the essential meaning from its 
relations. 

3. Make out lists for the following: from, in, at, for, on, 
after, about, before, etc. 








ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS 


59 


Preposi¬ 

tion 

Use {Idea) 

Latin 

Example 


Possession 

Genitive 

Gladius militis est longus. 


Partitive 

Genitive 

Pars itineris erat brevis. 


Cause 

Ablative 

Vulneribus miles morluus 
est. 


Source 

Ablative 

(Ex) clara gente ndtus est. 


Material 

Ablative (ex) 

Navis ex robore est facta. 

OF 

Reference 

Ablative (de) 

Fabula de Perseo narrata 
est. 


Quality 

Ablative (Gen.) 

Est vir magna virtute 


Appositive 

Apposition 

Urbem, Romam, vidi. 


Compounds, 

Essential 

(in defense of, because of, 


etc., etc. 

meaning 

instead of, on account 
of, for sake of, etc.) 


Motion 

Accusative 

Ad urbem (*domum) ven- 
erunt. 


Indirect Object 

Dative 

Mihi scutum dedit. 


With adjective 

Dative 

Urbs est monti finitima. 


Infinitive 

Infinitive 

Ius sit me exlre. 

TO 

Infinitive 

Subst. Clauses 

Persuasit eis ut exirent. 


Purpose 

Clause, etc. 

(8 ways) 

Veni ut viderem; -ad vi- 
dendum, etc. 


Compounds 

Essential 

meaning 

(in order to, about to, up 
to, etc. 


Idioms 
etc., etc. 

Idioms 

{To and fro, to wit, face 
to face.) 


Accompaniment 

Ablative (cum) 

Cum Sexto ambuldvit. 


Manner 

Ablative (cum) 

Cum diligentia laborat. 


Means 

Ablative 

Gladio hostem interfecit. 

WITH 

Cause 

Ablative 

Vulneribus defessus erat. 


Association 

Apud, in 

Apud Gallos habitavit. 


Opposition 
etc., etc. 

Contra, in 

Contra Germanos pugna- 
vit. 










60 


LATIN 


HOW TO STUDY SYNTAX 

The essential meaning of Syntax is arranging-together 
(from the Greek syn-, -taxis ); referring to the combination of 
ideas and hence words, in sentences. The best method of 
understanding the usage of words in Latin is by the changing 
of the Latin forms of expression into the equivalent means 
used in English. This change in the form of expressing the 
same ideas is the essential element of Translation. Only 
constant daily practice in translation will develop a mastery 
of Syntax. The starting point is always the idea, not the word. 

I. Translation—from Latin into English: 

1. Phrase aloud in Latin the sentence to be translated, 

grouping the words according to ideas. Since varia¬ 
tions of thought are expressed by variations of end¬ 
ings in Latin, observe the endings and the various 
possible uses of each form. 

2. Observe carefully the skeleton of the sentence, i.e., its 

subject, its predicate and perhaps its object. But 
above all, watch the verb. 

3. Discover the meanings of the new words and, from 

their endings, note the possible uses in the context. 

4. Think in Latin in groups of ideas, recalling the thought 

of the preceding clauses and noting what follows. 

5. Translate into the best English idioms, being careful 

to translate the ideas in groups of phrases. 

6. Sense and Tense —let these be your watch-words. Be 

sure that the English makes Sense; then check the 
Tense, because the heart of the sentence is usually 
in the verb. 

7. The normal Latin word order is: Subject—Indirect 

Object—Object-Verb. Modifiers usually come after 
their word, except those of the verb. Any word or 
phrase out of order is emphatic. 

Note— For any word not clear, use the formula: F. R. D., ie., state 
its Form, its Reason, and its Dependence. 


HOW TO STUDY SYNTAX 


61 


II. Translation—from English into Latin: 

1. The most important essential is to know what the 

English means. You cannot translate into Latin 
what you do not understand in English. Therefore, 

2. Phrase aloud the English, grouping the words accord¬ 

ing to the ideas. Visualize and draw a diagram of 
the sentence. 

3. State the Aim ( The Bull's Eye) of the sentence, nam¬ 

ing the most important construction. 

4. Tell how the Latin expresses that construction, and 

name the principle of syntax involved. 

5. Translate according to the English groups of ideas , not 

the words. 

6. Note the forms and the sequence of tenses. 

7. Whenever a Subjunctive is required in the subordinate 

clause, check according to the formula—S. C. S., i.e., 
state the Subjunctive, the Conjunction, and the 
Sequence. 

8. Beware of English prepositions; they show the rela¬ 

tions and are therefore most important in grasping 
the ideas and the syntax of words. (See English 
Prepositions, pp. 58-59.) 

ttSF* Translation means the transfer not of words , but of ideas! 


Note. —If you have drilled faithfully on the Forms in the preceding 
part of this book and on the Word-Lists in the Appendix, you should now 
be familiar with all the Inflections and Vocabularies. In the succeeding 
pages, wherever the unit-paging allows, sentences are added to exemplify 
that particular topic or the subject-matter of previous topics. The 
sentences contain only words found in the Classified Appendix, hence no 
special English-Latin vocabulary is given. If you meet with any word 
that you cannot recall, your method of study was at fault. If necessary, 
find that word in the English vocabulary of your regular text-book. Start 
again on that word, find its type, then—drill aloud : see it, hear it, write it, 
speak it! 


62 


LATIN 


NOMINATIVE 




1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Noun-Forms 

Sing. 

-a 

-us, -r; -um 

-s, - ; - 

-us; -u 

-es 


Plur. 

-ae 

-i ; -a 

-es ; -a 

-us; -ua 

-es 


1. The essential meaning is to name (nominare ); word 
unchanged. 

2. The subject may also be a pronoun, a substantive, an 
infinitive, or a clause. 

3. Position: Regularly at the beginning; varies with em¬ 
phasis. 

Uses 

1. Subject of a finite verb.— Caesar Gallos superamt. 

2. Predicate, after a copulative verb.— Caesar erat consul. 

3. Appositive.— Caesar , imperator, in castra venit. 

4. Subject of Historical Infinitive.— Caesar cofidie frumen- 
turn flagitare. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What other case forms resemble the nominatives? Illustrate. 

2. What are the nominative forms of the pronouns? Make an outline 

3. Give the nominatives for all nouns, pronouns and adjectives in the 
Appendix. 

*4. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating each of the above 
principles. 

*5. Give the reason for the nominative in each of your sentences and 
state the word on which the construction depends. [F. R. D.] 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. The Roman camp was rather large. 

2. The commander sent ahead two scouts. 

3. Labienus was a faithful lieutenant. 

4. The chief himself, a very brave man, was leading the army. 

5. The allies kept sending troops daily. (Hist. Infinitive.) 



















VOCATIVE 


63 


VOCATIVE 

2 3 4 5 


Sing. 

-a 

-e, -r ; -urn 

-s, - ; - 

-us ; -u 

-es 

Plur. 

-ae 

-i ; -a 

-es -a 

-us ; -ua 

-es 


i. The essential meaning is to call ( vocare ); word rarely 
changes. 

5 2. The form is same as the nominative, except in the 

;singular of -us words of the Second Declension. 

3. Proper names in -ius, filius and mens end in -I. — ml; 

fill. 

4. Position: Usually follows first word; rarely stands first. 

■ 

Use 

1. Direct address only.— Ubi, Sexte, est Gallia? 

QUESTIONS 

1. Give the vocatives for all nouns and adjectives in the Appendix, 
wherever the sense permits. 

2. Pick out every vocative in your daily translations. State the 
syntax. (F. R. D.) 

3. Write a complete Latin sentence illustrating the principle. 

4. Check all the vocatives used by Caesar. Give the reason for the use. 

5. Are there any vocatives in the Examination passages? Why not? 

6. Which pronoun has vocatives? (See page 22.) Why? Illustrate 
in Latin sentences. 


TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. Soldiers, will you not resist the enemies’ attack? 

2. Spare us, O Lord! 

3. My son, I am going to the city to-day. 

4. O Caesar, give me liberty or give me death. 

5. Cornelius, why don’t you tell your story? 









64 


LATIN 


GENITIVE 


Noun-Forms 


12 3 4 5 


Sing. 

-ae 

-r 

-is 

-us 

-ei 

Plur. 

-arum 

-orum 

-um; -ium 

-uum 

-erum 


1. The essential meaning is possession, class {genus ). 

2. Position: Regularly after word it modifies; varies with 
emphasis. 

Uses 


I. With Nouns, 

1. Possession.— Gladius militis est longus. 

2. Predicate genitive of possession.— Ea domus est 

consulis. 

3. Material.— Aciem instruxit legionum quattuor. 

4. Description (see Ablative, p. 70).— Imperator erat 

vir magnae virtutis. (With adjective). 

5. Subjective (Internal).— Timor nostrorum hostes con- 

firmavit. 

6. Objective (External).— Timor hostium Gallos perter- 

ruit. 

7. Partitive (of the Whole).— Horum omnium fortis- 

simi sunt Belgae. 

Except.—Cardinals (not milia) and quidam.— 
E pluribus unum; Quidam ex Belgis. 

II. With Adjectives, 

1. Objective.— Erat miles rel militaris peritissimus. 

2. Participial adjectives in -ns. — Dux fuit vir amans 

patriae. 

TRANSLATION 


Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. The Romans’ camp is on the left bank of the river. 

2. That command was Caesar’s, not the centurion’s. 

3. The Gauls were men of the greatest boldness. 












GENITIVE 


65 


I. With Verbs (Partitive idea), 

1. Memory, and opposites.— Contumeliae remints cor. 

2. Cause of Feeling (Impersonals).— Consiliorum eds 

paenitet. 

3. Interest.— Patriae maxime interest. 

4. Potior (see Ablative, p. 70).-— Totius Galliae sese 

point posse s per ant. 

V. Appositives.— Rdmani ceperunt filiam Ariovisti, regis 
Germandrum. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What other case forms resemble the genitives? Illustrate. 

2. What are the genitive forms of the pronouns? Make an outline. 

3. Give the genitives for all nouns, pronouns and adjectives in Appen- 

ix. 

4. Pick out every genitive in your daily translations. State the 
rntax. 

5. Check all the genitives in the Examination passages. State the 
rntax. 

*6. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating each of the uses and 
•anslate each sentence. 

*7. Give the reason for the genitive in each of your sentences and state 
le word on which the construction depends. (F. R. D.) 

8. Why is the form of the genitive important? Illustrate with domus. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. The judge is a man of great wisdom. 

2. He was the noblest Roman of them all. 

3. That is the camp of the Germans, our former enemies. 

4. The greed for gold will soon destroy us. 

5. The fault is either mine or Sextus’. 

6. I cannot remember all of Caesar’s deeds. 

7. The king was very eager to get control of the town. 

8 . Zeal for power excites the minds of some people. 

9. Those savages were not very skillful in the art of war. 

10. Whose name was greatest of all the Romans? Caesar’s. 

II. The general was leading an army of five new legions. 


66 


LATIN 


DATIVE 




1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Noun-Forms 

Sing. 

-ae 

-6 

-1 

-ui, u ; u 

-ei, e 


Plur. 

-is 

-is 

-ibus 

-ibus, ubus 

-ebus 


1. The essential meaning is to give (dare). 

2. Position: Regularly before direct object; varies wit 
emphasis. 

Uses 

I. General—Indirect Object. 

1. Transitive verbs.-— Mllites duel gladium dederunt. 

2. Intransitives, 

(a) General.— Puer patri respondit. 

( b ) Special.— Miles socio persuadebat. 

Memorize: credo , faved, impero , noced, parec 

persuaded , placed , resisto, studeo. 

Note construction with passive of these verbs. 
The Dative is kept with the passive. 

(c) Prepositional Compounds. —Centurio cohort 

praejuit. 

II. Appositives.—Labieno, legato, Caesar multa praemia dabat 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. The scout pointed out a new way to the lieutenant. 

2. The spy reported the rumor to the commander of cavalry. 

3. I do not trust everybody. 

4. Do you always obey your father and your mother? 

5. We shall resist the Germans as bravely as possible. 

6. I am not able to please some of my friends. 

7. Whom will the general put in command of your legion? 

8. Why were you not eager for the march? 

9. The townsmen have given Sextus, their leader, a beautiful horse. 

10. A man of great courage was in charge of the slingers. 











DATIVE 


67 


[II. Special.—Idiomatic uses. 

1. Possessive (With sum). —Mihl est scutum. 

2. Agent. (See Passive Periphrastic, p. 91).— Caesari 

omnia agenda erant. 

3. Reference (Ethical; Advantage).— Tu tibi lab dr as. 

4 . Purpose (End).— Una legio praesidio relicta est. 

5. Service (so-called Double Dative).— Reliquit eos 

praesidio castris = Purpose and Reference. 

6. Separation (Personal).— Caesar militi scutum detraxit. 

7. With Adjectives.— Germania est Rheno finitima. 

Memorize: amicus , inimicus, gratus , idoneus, 
molestus , finitimus, proximus, propin- 
quus. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What other case forms resemble the datives? Illustrate. 

2. What are the dative forms of the pronouns? Make an outline. 

3. Give the datives for all nouns, pronouns and adjectives in Appendix. 

4. Pick out every dativ.e in your daily translations. State the syntax. 

5. Check all the datives in the Examination passages. State the 
syntax. 

*6. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating each of the uses and 
xanslate each sentence. 

*7. Give the reason for the dative in each of your sentences and state 
he word on which the construction depends. (F. R. D.) 

8. Write a very brief Latin sentence illustrating the dative of possessor. 
jive the whole sentence in synopsis, in the 3d person singular of the indica- 
ive. 


TRANSLATION 


Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. The horsemen gave a beautiful sword to Marcus, their officer. 

2. The Germans and Gauls are always eager for war. 

3. Masters have full power over their slaves. 

4. The centurion had left ten men as a guard for the bridge. 

5. The Belgians are near the borders of their fiercest enemies. 

6. You must do this at once. 

7. Such a speech will not persuade any of us. 


68 


LATIN 


ACCUSATIVE 




1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Noun-Forms 

Sing. 

-am 

-um 

em, -im 

-um ; -u 

-em 


Plur. 

-as 

-os; -a 

-es, -is; -a 

-us -ua 

-es 


1. The essential meaning is to accuse (accusare), as th< 
object of the action caused by the verb-idea: Motion implied. 

2. Position: Regularly before the verb; varies with empha 


I. Direct Object, 

1. Transitive verbs.— Caesar Gallos superavit. 

2. Cognate (Kindred Meaning).-—Proelium acriter pug 

nabant. 

II. Two Accusatives, 

1. Predicate (Making, choosing, etc.).—Caesarem con 

sulem creaverunt. 

2. Double Accusative (Asking, teaching, etc.).— 

Haeduos frumentum flagitavit. 

Exc.—peto, quaero use a(b), e(x) with ablative. 

3. Compounds of “ trans —Milites flumen Caesa 

traduxit. 

III. Idiomatic Uses, 

1. Duration (Extent of Time).—Multas horas pugna 

bant. 

2. Extent of Space.—Multa milia passuum progress 

sunt. 

3. Adverbial.— Nautae nihil saxa timebant. 

4. Subject of Infinitive (not Historical).— Iussit m 

venire. (See Infinitives; Indirect Statements p. 86. 

IV. Appositives.— Vldl Ariovistum , regem Germanorum. 











ACCUSATIVE 


69 


V. With Prepositions, 

1. Limit (End) of Motion, with M ad ” or “in.”—In 

Galliam venit. 

Exc .—No preposition with names of towns, domus 
or rus. 

2. Indirect Agency, with “per.” —Id per exploratores 

cbgnovit. 

3. Object of Prepositions.—See complete list, p. 56. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What other case forms resemble the accusatives? Illustrate. 

2. What are the accusative forms of the pronouns? Make an out¬ 
line. 

3. Give the accusatives for all nouns, pronouns and adjectives in 
Appendix. 

4. Pick out every accusative in your daily translations. State the 
syntax. 

5. Check all the accusatives in the Examination passages. State the 
syntax. 

*6. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating each of the uses and 
translate each sentence. 

*7. Give the reason for the accusative in each of your sentences and 
state the word on which the construction depends. (F. R. D.) 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. The Romans appointed him commander-in-chief of the whole army. 

2. For twenty days they advanced only five miles daily. 

3. First the farmer went to the city, Rome, then he returned to the 
country. 

4. The leader has sent ten thousand troops across the mountains. 

5. The chief will order the van of the army to retreat. 

6. The poor captives are asking the Romans, their conquerors, for food. 

7. The savages had marched home through the densest forests. 

8. The chief ordered his men to withstand the enemy for several hours. 

9. The foot-soldier threw a spear over the rampart. 

10. The senators named him, friend and king. 




70 


LATIN 


ABLATIVE 




I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Noun-Forms 

Sing. 

-a 

-6 

-e ; -i 

-u 

-e 


Plur. 

-is 

-is 

-ibus 

-ibus; -ubus 

' 

-ebus 


1. The essential meaning is to separate (< ablatus , auferre). 

2. Position: Regularly before the verb; varies with empha- 


I. Separative (Ablative—from), 

1. Separation (with or without preposition), 

(a) Literal (with ab, de or ex).—Ab insula discessit. 

( b ) F igurative (no preposition).— Eds timore liber at. 

2. Source (ab or ex).— Belgae a Germanis ortl sunt. 

3. Material (ab or ex). —Naves ex robore factae sunt. 

4. Personal Agent (ab with passives).—Ab inimico 

occlsus est. 

5. Comparison (usually negative).— Nihil est peius morte. 
II. Place (Locative—in), 

1. Place (with preposition, except towns , domus and rus ), 

(a) Where (At which), (Usually in).—In urbe 

habito. 

(b) Whence (From which—ab, de, ex).—Ex agris 

convenerunt. 

2. Time (no preposition), 

(a) When (At which).—Prlma luce profectus est. 

(b) Within which.—Paucis horis barbarl victl sunt. 


TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1 . In Caesar’s consulship there was a conspiracy in Gaul. 

2. The soldier with the help of his friend was saved from the disaster. 


















ABLATIVE 


71 


III. Instrumental (Means—with), 

1. Means.— Miles gladio vulneratus est. 

Note.— Utor, fruor , fungor, potior , vescor take Abl. of Means; also 
Opus est and Usus est meaning “ There is need.” 

2. Cause.— Mllites vulneribus defessl erant. 

3. Accompaniment (cum —Motion). — Cum omnibus 

copiis exiit. 

4. Manner (cum —unless modified by adjective).— 

Cum cura labdrat, or Magna cura labdrat. 

5. Description (Quality), (see Genitive, p. 64), (with 

adjective).— Est vir magna audacia. 

6. Degree of Difference (with comparisons).— Pede 

altior est. 

7. Price.— Magna pretio id emit. 

8. Specification (Respect).— Capite vulneratus est. 

9. Accordance (often with de or ex). — Suo more pacem 

petierunt. 

10. Attendant Circumstance.— Leni vento naves solverunt. 

IV. Object of Prepositions.—See List of Prepositions, p. 56. 

V. Ablative Absolute.—See Participles, p. 88. 

VI. Appositives.— Ab Insula , Sicilia, discessit. 

QUESTIONS 

1. What other case forms resemble the ablatives? Illustrate. 

2. What are the ablative forms of the pronouns? Make an outline. 

3. Give the ablatives for all nouns, pronouns and adjectives in Appen¬ 
dix. 

4. Pick out every ablative in your daily translations. State the syn¬ 
tax. 

5. Check all the ablatives in the Examination passages. State the 
syntax. 

6. Which uses require a preposition? Which lack the preposition? 

7. Which uses employ cum ? Illustrate each with a Latin phrase. 

8. Which uses employ abl Illustrate with a sentence for each. 


72 


LATIN 


PRONOUNS 

The essential meaning is for the name ( pro-nomen ), because 
generally used as substitutes for the names of persons and 
things. 

Three elements must be observed carefully: 

I. Gender, 

II. Number, 

III. Case. 

In Personal and Reflexive Pronouns, the Person takes the 
place of the Gender. 

FORMS 

See Declension of Pronouns, pp. 22-25. 

Uses 

I. Substantive (Pronouns as Nouns). 

Pronouns as such may be used in all the usual con¬ 
structions of Nouns, wherever the sense permits. (See 
Syntax of Nouns, pp. 62-71.) 

Agreement.—1. Pronouns must agree in person (or 
gender) and number with the person or noun whose 
place they assume in the sentence. The Case always 
depends on its use in its own clause. 

2. The Case of Relative Pronouns in particular must 
be carefully observed. The Relative Pronoun always 
agrees with its antecedent in gender and number,—but— 
its Case depends on its use in its own clause. Thus: 
Nominative.— Is est imperator qui milites dnxit. 

Genitive.— Vidi imperatdrem cuius milites hostes vicerunt. 
Dative.— Is est imperator cui milites gladium dederunt. 
Accusative.— Is est imperator quern nuper vidi. 

Ablative.— Is est imperator quocum in Gallia pugnabam. 


PRONOUNS 


73 


Note. — i. The preposition cum is appended to the ablatives of Per¬ 
sonal and Reflexive Pronouns and often to the Relatives and 
Interrogatives.— Quibuscum ; te cum; secum. 

2. The Gender of Relative Pronouns in clauses that contain a 
predicate noun is frequently attracted to the gender of that 
predicate noun, instead of agreeing as usual with the gender 
of its antecedent.— Caesar dtixit mllites trdns Rhenum, quod 
est flumen Galliae. 

II. Adjective (Pronominal Adjectives). 

All Pronominal Adjectives as such are used exactly 
like regular adjectives and must therefore obey the law of 
Agreement. —Pronominal Adjectives must agree with 
the nouns that they modify in gender, number and case. 
(See Syntax of Adjectives, pp. 74-75.) 

QUESTIONS 

1. Write short Latin sentences illustrating the uses of the various 
Pronouns. Vary the gender, the number and the case. 

2. Write short Latin sentences illustrating the use of the Latin equiv¬ 
alents for the pronoun whose. 

3. Select from your daily work all the Pronouns and Pronominal 
Adjectives and give the syntax of each form. (F. R. D.) 

4. Mark all the Pronouns and Pronominal forms occurring in the 
Examination passages. Give the syntax of each. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. The place in which Caesar is about to station the legion is a mile 
distant. 

*2. Caesar placed Labienus in charge of the legions that he had sent 
from Rome. 

*3. The soldiers who were coming as a guard for the camp were able to 
reach the place quickly by forced marches. 

*4. This river is three feet wider than the river that he crossed. 

*5. The wagons that brought the supplies to us halted outside the 
camp. 

*6. This legion whose leader was slain by the cavalry of the Gauls, 
returned to the fight and drove the enemy into the woods. 

*7. This camp which had been seized by the enemy, was four miles 
distant from the river. 


74 


LATIN 


ADJECTIVES 

The essential meaning is thrown or added to (i adiectus , 
ad-iacid), because they add to, or qualify, the meaning of the 
nouns with which they are joined. Three elements must be 
observed carefully. 

I. Gender, 

II. Number, 

III. Case. 

Agreement.—Adjectives must agree with their nouns in 
gender, number and case. 

FORMS 

See Declension and Comparison of Adjectives, pp. 26-35. 

Adjectives do not necessarily have the same cas e-endings as 
their nouns. The adjective has its own declension and must 
not change therefrom— nauta. bonus. Therefore, first note the 
gender of the noun; second, make the adjective agree in gender ; 
third, decline each word according to its own declension, but 
parallel in number and case. See p. 7. 

Uses 

I Attributive, describing and modifying nouns directly. 

Agreement.—-With nouns modified in gender, number 
and case. 

1. With two or more nouns of different number , 

agrees with the nearest noun.—Boni puerl et 
magister. 

2. With two or more nouns of different gender , 

agrees with the nearest noun.—Magnus dominus 
et domina. 

Position: Usually after the noun modified unless 
emphatic. 



ADJECTIVES 


75 


II. Predicate, as part of the predicate, after intransitive and 
passive verbs, to describe the subject of its clause. 
Agreement.—With the subject of its clause in gender, 
number and case. 

1. With two or more nouns, the number is plural. 

2. With two or more nouns of different gender , the 

adjective is masculine for persons, but neuter 
for inanimate things. 

3. With Complementary Infinitives, the adjective 

agrees with the subject of main verb.—BonI 
esse volumus. 

III. Substantive, when used as nouns.—Nostrlfortiter pugnant 

1. Participles (see pp. 88-89) and Pronominal Adjectives 
(p. 29) have the same construction as regular Adjectives. 

2. Some Adjectives govern the Objective Genitive. (See 

Genitive, p. 64.) 

3. Some Adjectives, mostly Predicate, govern the Dative of 
Reference. (See Datives, p. 67). 

QUESTIONS 

1. Note all the adjectives in your daily work. Give the syntax of 

each. (F. R. D.) 

2. Mark all the adjectives in the Examination passages. Give the 
syntax. 

3. Write one Latin sentence illustrating the three uses of adjectives. 

4. Write Latin sentences illustrating all the possible uses of each of the 
following groups and state the syntax of each group in the sentence given: 
agricolae bonl; milites auddces; servo maid ; mantis magnae; castra Romana. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. The general led his army across the river with the captives whom 
he had taken. 

*2. The great war is now being fought in the very places where Caesar 
led his legions to victory. 

*3. The man whose letter you saw became a very loyal citizen a few 
days afterward. 


76 


LATIN 


THE INDICATIVE 

The essential meaning is to point out, to declare facts 
( in-dicare ), hence it is used for direct statements or questions. 

I. Statements of Fact, 

1. Main declaratory verb, —Caesar fuit Rbmanus. 

2. Relative adjective clause, —Dux quem vidi erat fortis. 

3. Causal (cf. Causal Subjunctives, p. 78). 

(a) With Quod, Quia, Quoniam, Quando (reason 

of the writer),— Hostes victl sunt quod 
Caesar erat imperator. 

( b ) Substantive Clause of Fact with Quod,— 

Quod ‘hostes victl sunt, est mihi gratum. 

4. Temporal (cf. Temporal Subjunctives, p. 79). 

(а) With Cum {fixing the time),— Cum in Gallia 

sum, Caesar venit. 

(б) With Postquam, Ut, Ubi, Cum Primum, 

— Postquam Caesar venit, mllites fortiter 
pugndbant. 

(c) With Antequam or Priusquam (actual fact), 

—Hostes fugerunt priusquam Caesar ebs 

secutus est. 

(d) With Dum, while , and Historical Present.— 

Dum flumen transit, hostes impetum faciunt. 

(e) With Dum, Donee, Quoad (actual fact),— 

Mansimus quoad hostes aderant. 

5. Adverbial Clauses with Qua or Ut,^ — Progressi 

sumus qua via erat facillima.—Caesar , ut supra 
dixi, fuit dux. 

6. Simple Conditions (any tense),— Si veniet, bene est. 

7. Concessive with Quamquam, Etsi, Tametsi),—Etsi 

aeger est, tamen fortiter pugnat. 


THE INDICATIVE 


77 


II. Questions, 

1. Interrogatives,— Quis fuit dux ?, Quo vadis? 

2. Yes or No questions, 

(a) Indefinite,—Habitants in Gallia? 

(b) Affirmative,— Nonne in Gallia habitant? 

(c) Negative,— Num in Gallia habitant? 

3. Double (Alternative) questions,—(Utrum—an), (-ne— 

an) Utrum pugnabunt an fugient? Pugnabunt?z<? 
an fugient? 

Substitutes for the Indicative: (See Infinitives, pp. 86-87.) 

1. The Historical Infinitive, 

2. The Infinitive in Indirect Statement. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Name and explain every Indicative in your daily lesson. 

2. Name and explain every Indicative in the Examination passages. 

3. Give a short Latin sentence illustrating each of the above principles. 
*4. Write in Latin the following sentences: 

a. The general led his army across the river with the captives 

whom he had taken. 

b. That boy whom we saw in the field of the farmer has returned 

to the city with his brother. 

c. Because he loved his country the father sent his sons to Gaul. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. The hostages fled into the woods because they feared the Belgians. 
*2. Procillus went with Metius as an envoy- to the camp of the Ger¬ 
mans. 

*3. Orgetorix made a conspiracy against the Roman people because he 
desired to seize the throne in his own country. 

*4. The Suebi began to return home because this battle had been 
reported across the Rhine. 

*5. While these things were being done, Caesar ordered Vatinius to 
come to Brundisium with a fleet. 

*6. Why do you not recall the soldiers and form a line of battle? 


78 


LATIN 


THE SUBJUNCTIVE 
ADVERBIAL USES 

The essential meaning of subjunctive is to join under 
(subi-iungere), because used mostly in dependent, subordinate 
clauses subjoined to the main fact of the sentence. Inasmuch 
as it expresses the action of the verb not as a fact but as an idea, 
it usually shows inherent doubt. 

Three elements must be observed carefully: 

I. The Subjunctive Mood, and hence 

II. The Sequence of Tenses, 

III. The Introductory Conjunction. 

Note. —Use the formula: SCS—Subjunctive, Conjunction, Sequence. 

Uses 

I. Purpose, 

1. Affirmative, with Ut, — Veniunt ut pacem petant. 

2. Negative, with Ne, — Fortiter pugndbant ne caper- 

entur. 

3. Relative, with Qui, —-Misti nuntium qui victoriam 

nuntiaret. 

4. Comparative, with Quo, — Fortius pugnant quo 

hostes vincant. 

II. Result, 

1. Affirmative, with Ut, — Tam fortiter pugnat ut 

semper vincat. 

2. Negative, with Ut Non,— Tam tardi erant ut non 

proficiscerentur. 

III. Relative Characteristic (Description, indefinite ante¬ 

cedent) Sunt qui pugnare nolint. 

IV. Causal (cf. Causal Indicatives p. 76). 

1. With Cum, — Nostrt victi sunt cum Caesar non 

adesset. 

2. With Quod, Quia, Quoniam (not the writer’s 

reason),— Milites duel gladium dederunt quod eum 
amarent. (Implied Indirect Statement.) 




THE SUBJUNCTIVE 


79 


V. Temporal (cf. Temporal Indicatives). 

1. With Cum (Circumstantial, describing the time),— 

Cum Caesar venisset, milites fortius pugnaverunt. 

2. With Antequam, Priusquam (anticipation, not a 

fact),— Discedere voluit priusquam hostes venirent. 

3. With Dum, Donee, Quoad (anticipation, not a 

fact),— In portu exspectabat dum naves reliquae 
pervenirent. 

VI. Concessive, with Cum, Ut, Quamvis,—Cum aeger 
esset, tamen pugnavit. 

VII. Attraction (depending on a Subjunctive), Monuit, ut 

maritimae res postularent, omnes res administrarentur . 

VIII. Conditional (see Conditions, pp. 82-83). 

IX. Indirect Discourse, 

1. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statements,— 

Dixit Caesarem esse imperatorem qui Gallos vlcis- 
set. 

2. Indirect Questions (see Substantive Clauses, pp. 

80-81). 


INDEPENDENT USES 

The Subjunctive is used also in Independent clauses to express 
Wishes, Exhortations, Commands, Prohibitions and Potential 
ideas. These uses are omitted here because rarely found in 
the First Two Years of Latin. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Illustrate in short Latin sentences all the possible uses of CUM; 
of UT; of NE; of QUOD. 

*2. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating each of the above 
principles of syntax, especially: result with UT; indirect question ; clause 
of characteristic ; causal clause introduced by CUM. 

*3. Translate into Latin the Prose sentences on the Examination 
papers, illustrating uses of the Subjunctive. (S. C. S. — F. R. D.) 




80 


LATIN 


SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 

The essential meaning of Substantive is reality or substance 
(substantia, that which stands under the surface and gives 
basis), because used like nouns which are the names of realities. 
Three elements must be observed carefully: 

I. The Subjunctive Mood, and hence 

II. Sequence of Tenses, 

III. The Introductory Conjunction. 

Note.— Use the formula: S. C. S. — Subjunctive, Conjunction, Sequence, 

Uses 

I. Subjunctive, 

1. Purpose (Volitive), with Ut or Ne. — Caesar monuit 

ut exirent. 

The following verbs must be memorized: hortor , 
imperd, moned, petd, persuaded, postuld, rogd, quaerd. 

2. Fearing, with Ne or Ut (the opposite of Purpose).— 

Timed ne veniat. 

3 Result, with Ut or Ut Non (Verbs of Making, 
Causing).— Facit ut earn. 

4. Negative Doubt, with Quin. — Non dubito quin 

Caesar veniat. 

5. Hindering, with Quin, Ne, Quominus. —Eds 

impedivit quominus irent. 

6. Impersonal Subject, with fit, accidit, etc.— Fit ut 

Caesar adsit. 

II. Indirect Questions, introduced by an interrogative word.—• 
Ex mercatoribus quaesivit ubi Britanni habitarent. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. Caesar inquired of the ambassadors whom he saw in the senate 
why they had come to Rome to seek aid. 

*2. We do not doubt that very many of the cavalry have been wounded. 


SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 


81 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Substantive Clauses are Noun clauses. 

2. Substantive Clauses of Fact take the Indicative with 

Quod. 

3. Infinitive Clauses used as objects and in Indirect State¬ 
ments are also called Substantive Clauses. 

4. The commonest translation of a Subjunctive Substantive 
Clause is the English infinitive. Therefore, beware when 
translating an English infinitive into Latin. Study the under¬ 
lying idea of the Infinitive Clause before translating. (See 
pp. 86-87.) 

QUESTIONS 

1. Name all the uses of the conjunction UT. Give an illustration of 
each use in a short Latin sentence. Do the same with NE. 

2. In the following sentences, pick out the Substantive Clauses, tell 
the use, give its tense-sequence, then translate into Latin: 

*a. The citizens of this town are afraid that the Gauls will try to 
destroy the bridge. 

*b. We asked the boy whom we saw in the city why he had not 
returned with his brother. 

*c. The father of these boys wishes to learn who can go home with 
them. 

3. Illustrate each of the above principles in a short Latin sentence. 

*4. Write a complete Latin sentence illustrating: indirect question . 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. They feared that the Romans would not pass through their terri¬ 
tory without violence. 

*2. I am encouraging our men not to wait until the enemy attack 
them. 

*3. Those whom he had with him begged him not to fight with this 
multitude of the enemy. 

*4. Caesar persuaded the Gauls to furnish boats. 

*5. He asks what those five men will do to-night. 

*6. Scouts were sent to find out into whose territory the enemy were 
making a march. 




82 


LATIN 


CONDITIONS 

The essential meaning is to mention together ( conditio — 
condicid, — con — died) , because the statement declared in one 
clause, the apodosis, is limited by the restriction or the stipula¬ 
tion mentioned in the accompanying clause, the protasis. 

CLASSES OF CONDITIONS 

I. Present, 

1. Simple (Neutral),—Present Indicative in both 

clauses. Si pugnat, vincit. 

2. Contrary to Fact,—Imperfect subjunctive in both. 

Si pugnaret, vinceret. 

II. Past, 

1. Simple (Neutral),—Past tense of Indicative in both. 

Si pugnavit, vlcit. 

2. Contrary to Fact.—Pluperfect Subjunctive in both. 

Si pugnavisset, vlcisset. 

III. Future, 

1. Simple (More Vivid),—Future Indicative in both. 

Si pugnabit, vincet. 

2 . Less Vivid,—Present Subjunctive in both. Si pugnet, 

vincat. 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. The mood to be used in the Protasis (the if clause) can 
generally be determined by first observing the mood required 
in the Apodosis (the Conclusion): 

(а) If the Apodosis be Indicative or Imperative, the 
Protasis will be Indicative. 

(б) If the Apodosis be Subjunctive, the Protasis will be 
Subjunctive. 

2. The Protasis (Condition) is often implied or disguised in 
the form of a participle, usually in the Ablative Absolute. 


CONDITIONS 


83 


English Tense-Sign 

Kind of Condition 

Latin Translation 

Pres, or Past Ind. 

Simple 

Pres, or Past Indicatives 

shall or will 

Future More Vivid 

Future Indicatives 

should or would 

Future Less Vivid 

Present Subjunctives 

were-and-would be 

Pres. Cont. to Fact 

Imperfect Subjunctives 

had-and-would have 

Past Cont. to Fact 

Pluperfect Subjunctives 


Note. —In translating from English to Latin, proceed from left to 
right; from Latin to English reverse the process. 


QUESTIONS 

1. Explain all the conditions in your daily work. State the syntax of 
both the verbs. (F. R. D.) 

2. Illustrate in short Latin sentences each of the above kinds of con¬ 
ditions. 

3. Practise forming conditions with special emphasis on Tense-Signs. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. If Caesar had not set out at that time, they would have collected 
larger forces. 

*2. If they send legates to Caesar, he will make peace with them. 

*3. If the consul had nt)t been very brave, the whole city would have 
been taken by the enemy. 

*4. Caesar would have been able to conquer the enemy if he had had a 
larger number of ships. 

*5. If the footsoldiers should fight more bravely, the enemy would not 
be able to defeat the cavalry. 

*6. He feared that he could not easily resist both the old and the new 
forces of Ariovistus if they should make an attack on him. 

7. If the Germans cross the river, they will be driven back. 

8. The cavalry would have been defeated if Caesar had not sent aid. 











84 


LATIN 


SEQUENCE OF TENSES 

The essential meaning is following of times (sequens — 
tempus ),—that is, the verb in the main clause must be followed 
by the same kind of tense (time) in the dependent clause. 


KINDS OF TIME (TENSE) 


TIME 

KIND 

TENSE 

Present 

Primary 

Present tenses. 

Future 

Future and Future Perfect tenses 

Past 

Secondary 

Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect tenses 


1. Primary tenses refer to the present or future time. 

2. Secondary tenses refer only to the past time. 


LAW OF TENSE-SEQUENCE 


MAIN VERB 
(Indicative) 

SEQUENCE 

DEPENDENT VERB 
(Subjunctive) 

Present 

Future 

Future Perfect 

Primary 

Present Subjunctive (Incomplete) 

Perfect Subjunctive (Complete) 

Imperfect 

Perfect 

Pluperfect 

Secondary 

Imperfect Subj. (Incomplete) 

Pluperfect Subj. (Complete) 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. Tense-Sequence means—not the same tense but the 
same kind of tense. 

2. The tenses of the verbs in any one sentence are either all 
primary or all secondary. 

















SEQUENCE OF TENSES 


85 


EXCEPTIONS 

The law of tense-sequence holds for all dependent verbs, 
vith but few exceptions: 

(a) In Result clauses, the Perfect Subjunctive may 
follow the Secondary tenses, to emphasize the result. 

( b ) The Historical Present governs either the Primary or 
.the Secondary sequence. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Note the tenses of all the main verbs in your daily lesson. State 
he sequence that must follow. Name the dependent verb and verify its 

ense. (F. R. D.) 

2. Note the tenses of all the main verbs in the Examination passages, 
tate the sequence required. Verify the tense of the dependent verb. 

S. C. S.) 

3. Note all the dependent verbs in your daily lesson. In each instance 
tate the Form, the Reason, and the Dependence. Explain the sequence. 

3. C. S.) 

4. Note the dependent verbs in the Examination passages. Give the 
/ntax of each example and verify its Sequence. (S. C. S.) 

TRANSLATION 

Note. —For additional sentences, see all topics involving a Subjunctive. 
Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. Caesar hastens with all his forces to capture this large town. 

*2. Ambassadors came to Caesar to complain in regard to this. 

*3. On that day Caesar will send very brave soldiers to take the town. 
*4. The danger is so great that no one dares to go. 

*5. When the enemy had been conquered, the messenger ran with 
•eat speed to the camp. 

*6. Since they could not find their friends, they returned in great haste 

• us. 

*7. Although Labienus had been killed by the enemy, his army was 

)t put to flight. 

*8. The Germans resisted the Romans so fiercely that they could not 

Ivance. 

*9. Since the Helvetians had nothing at home, Caesar ordered the 
llobroges to give them a supply of grain. 




86 


LATIN 


INFINITIVES 


The essential meaning is not-limited ( in-finis ) because it 
expresses neither persbn nor number. 


Forms 



1 

2 

3 

4 

Present 

-are 

-ere 

-ere 

-ire 


-ari 

-eri 

- _1 

-in 

Future 

-aturus esse 

-(t) urus esse 

-(t)urus esse 

-(t)urusesse 

Perfect 

-avisse 

-(u)isse 

-isse 

—(iv)isse 


-atus esse 

-(t)us esse 

-(t)us esse 

-tus esse 


1. The Future Infinitive Passive is rare. The form is 
always -(t)um In. 

2. The Futures are used only in Indirect Statements. The 
Future Active and Perfect Passive agree with the subject in 
gender, number and case. 

3. The esse of compounds is frequently omitted, especially 
where the construction is clearly an Indirect Statement. 


Uses 

I. As Subject, 

1. Of esse,-—Errare est humanum. 

2. Of Impersonate,— Necesse est properare. 

II. As Object, 

1. Complementary,— Miles pugnare ndn potest. 

2. Infinitive Clause,— Iussit milites e castris exire. 

3. Indirect Statements (Main Clause ),—Dixit se pugna 

visse. 

III. Idiomatic,—Historical Infinitive (Subject: nominative ),- 
Caesar Haeduos friimentum flagitare. 













INFINITIVES 


87 


OBSERVATIONS 

1. The Infinitive is a verbal noun, neuter gender. 

2. It does not follow the law of sequence of tenses. The 
;ense used in the Indirect Statement is the same time as was 
ised in the direct statement. 

3. The subject is always Accusative case, except the subject 
)f an Historical Infinitive which is Nominative. 

4. The Infinitive must not be used to express purpose. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Form the infinitives for all the verbs on the list in the Appendix. 

2. Illustrate each of the above forms in short Latin sentences. 

3. Give a short Latin sentence for each of the uses. Translate each. 

4. Note the infinitives in your daily lesson. State the Form, the 
Reason, and the Dependence of each example. 

5. Mark every infinitive in the Examination passages. State the 
yntax. (F. R. D.) 

*6. Write a complete Latin sentence illustrating: an infinitive phrase 
sed as subject. 


TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. He says that he is ready to begin. 

*2. Was it not more difficult to make a bridge than to cross this river 
y boats? 

*3. It was said that Orgetorix hoped to obtain his liberty through the 
id of his friends. 

*4. He says that he has been wounded, and asks where the camp is. 
*5. The messenger said that the next night the general would set out 
om Rome with all his troops. 

*6. He did not know that for many years there had been a confederacy 
: the nations of Gaul. 

*7. It is not easy to capture a town when its defenders are hurling 
ones from the walls. 

*8. He says that the chiefs of the Belgians have sought safety in flight. 
*9. They thought that these machines could not be moved. 

*10. The soldiers knew that they were led by a man of very great 

>urage. 




88 


LATIN 


PARTICIPLES 

The essential meaning is sharing (participium, — pars — 
capere), because partaking both of the nature of an adjective 
and of a verb. As a verb, a participle possesses tense and voice 
and may take an object; as a verbal adjective it agrees with a 
noun or pronoun in gender, number and case. It is equivalent 
to a clause of time, cause, concession, condition, etc., and 
should usually be translated by a clause. Translate the idea 
not the participial word. 


Active 

Present 

Perfect 

Future 

-ns 

— 

-(t)urus 

Passive 

— 

-(t)us 

-ndus 


Note. —The Present is formed on the Present Stem; the Perfect is the 
fourth principal part, the basis of the Participial stem; the Future Active 
is based on the Participial Stem; the Future Passive (Gerundive) on the 
Present Stem. Decline like regular adjectives. 

Uses 

I. Present (No Passive). 

1. As an adjective (any case )—Eum pugnantem mdi. 

2. In the Ablative Absolute. (See p. 89.) 

II. Future (Active). 

1. As an Attributive Adjective (any case).— Eum 

egressurum mdi. 

2. Active (First) Periphrastic Conjugation, like a predi¬ 

cate adjective with the forms of sum to show 
intention. This makes a very vivid Future.— 
VIsurus sum ; Monitura erat. 

Future (Passive)—See Gerundives, p. 91. 

Note. —Periphrastic means talking around , because the expression is 
not direct but a “beating about the bush.” 












PARTICIPLES 


89 


III. Perfect (No Active). 

1. Predicate, forming the basis of the Participial System. 

—amatus est, monitus erat , divisa erit. 

2. Attributive, like a regular Adjective (any case).— 

Mllites occlsos in castra tulerunt. 

3. In the Ablative Absolute. (See below.) 

Note. In Deponents, the Perfect has an active meaning. 

Ablative Absolute: the equivalent of the English Nomi¬ 
native Absolute; a noun or pronoun in the Ablative with 
a participle in agreement, and grammatically independ¬ 
ent of (ab-solvo = freed from) the rest of the sentence.— 
Hoc audito, Caesar discessit. 

Note. —1. The subject of the Ablative Absolute construction is almost 
always different from that of the main clause. 

2. The Present Participle of sum is lacking; therefore, when¬ 
ever the English Nominative Absolute shows being, the Parti¬ 
ciple is omitted in Latin.— Caesare duce, mllites pugnare 
volebant. 

3. Always translate by a clause in English. 

4. Before translating into Latin, change the English into the 
form of the Nominative Absolute; put the subject in the 
Ablative; make the participle agree. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Drill on the four participles of every verb on the list in the Appendix. 

2. State the syntax of every participle in your daily lesson. (F. R. D.) 

3. Mark all the participles on the Examination papers. Give the 
syntax. 

4. Illustrate each of the above principles in short Latin sentences. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. Having delayed many days, our legions built a bridge and tried to 
*eturn home. 

*2. For these reasons they must send a man of great daring. 

*3. After receiving his letter, I knew why my friend had not come home. 
*4. Caesar is about to join battle with the Helvetians. 

*5. Our army must attack the enemy as they are crossing the river. 


90 


LATIN 


GERUNDS 

The essential meaning is carried on or done (gerundium 
gerere ), because it is a part of the verb used to denote something 
as being done. Therefore, it is a kind of verbal substantive, 
being declined like a noun, but having the same power of govern¬ 
ment as its verb. 



i 

2 

3 

3 (i-stems) 

4 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 

-andi 

-ando 

-andum 

-ando 

-end! 

-endo 

-endum 

-endo 

-end! 

-endo 

-endum 

-endo 

-iendi 

-iendo 

-iendum 

-iendo 

-iendi 

-iendo 

-iendum 

-iendo 


1. The Gerund is an active verbal noun , in the neuter 
gender of the second declension. There are no plural forms. 

2. The Present Infinitive Active is used as the Nominative 

Uses 

I. Genitive, 

j. Objective with nouns or adjectives .—Galll erani 
cupidi bellandi. 

2. Purpose with causa—Pugnandl causa venerunt. 

II. Dative, with adjectives .—Locum idoneum muniendo up¬ 

per erunt. 

III. Accusative, 

1. Object of prepositions.— Ante pugnandum, debt 

implorabant. 

2. Purpose with ad or in. — Ad orandum in templa vene¬ 

runt. 

IV. Ablative, without a preposition— Laborando nos exercuimus 
Note. —The Gerund with a direct object is rarely found except in th< 

genitive or the ablative without a preposition. 















GERUNDIVES 


91 


GERUNDIVES 

The essential meaning is to carry ( gerere ), because in modi- 
ying a noun, it carries the main idea of the combination. 


M. 

F. 

N.. 

-ndus 

-nda 

-ndum 


The Gerund^ is the adjective corresponding to the Gerund, 
t is the Future Passive Participle used as a verbal adjective, 
,nd is declined like an adjective of the ist and 2nd Declen- 
ions. It keeps its passive meaning even in deponent verbs. 

Uses 

I. Attributive Adjective, to take the place of a Gerund with a 
direct object. The direct object is put in the case that 
the Gerund would have and the Gerundive agrees with 
the noun. Hence, the Gerundive as an adjective may 
be used in any case, singular or plural.— Urbis videndae 
causa ; ad oppida. capienda; bello gerendo; locum ido- 
neum castris ponendis. 

1 . Predicate Adjective, with the forms of sum, to make the 
Second or Passive Periphrastic Conjugation, to show 
obligation , necessity.—Ager arandus est. Puella amanda 
est. Flumina transeunda sunt. 

The Agent, the person to whom the duty is given to be 
performed is in the Dative of Agency.— Caesarl id agendum 
i; est. 

I. Object of euro and a few other verbs.— Naves reficiendas 

curavit. 

|Note. —Compare the forms of the Gerund and the Gerundive. Com- 
1 re their uses. 






92 


LATIN 


SUPINES 

The essential meaning is leaning back ( supinus ) because it 
falls back 


Forms 


1. Supines are verbal nouns of the fourth declension. There 

are no plurals. 

2. Supines are translated by the English infinitive. 

3. The Accusative with -iri forms the Future Infinitive 
Passive. 

Uses 

I. Accusative (-um), after verbs of motion to express Purpose 
—Venerunt rogatum auxilium. 

II. Ablative (-u), with a few adjectives , like an Ablative o: 
Specification,— Hoc est facile dictu. 

The Accusative may take an object; the Ablative neve: 
does. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Illustrate each of the above forms in a short Latin sentence. 

2. Note the Supines in your daily lesson. State the syntax of eacl 
form. (F. R. D.) 

3. Mark the Supines you meet with. Explain their Form, Reason 
and Dependence. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

1. They came to complain of wrongs. 

*2. The Haedui send ambassadors to Caesar to ask for help. 

3. They ask what is best to say. 

4. He proved to them that it was very easy to do. 

5. Diviciacus had set out to Rome to the senate to seek aid. 


on the verb system. 



! 

2 

3 and 3(t) 

4 

Accusative 

-atum 

-(t)um 

-(t)um 

-turn 

Ablative 

-atu 

-(t)u 

-(t)u 

-tu 















IMPERATIVES 


93 


IMPERATIVES 

The essential meaning is to command ( imperare ). 


Active 

2 sing. 

2 plur. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

-a 

-ate 

-e 

-ete 

-e 

-ite 

-ite 

Passive 

2 sing. 

2 plur % 

-are 

-amini 

-ere 

-emini 

-ere 

-imini 

-ire 

-imini 


1. The Imperatives are comparatively rare in the first two 
years of High School Latin. Future Imperatives are very rare. 

2 . The common exceptions are: die , due, fac, fer. 

3. In Indirect Statements, the Imperatives become Sub¬ 
junctive. 

Use 

I. Positive commands only,—Desillte, commllitones! 

In Negative commands (Prohibitions), the Perfect Subjunc¬ 
tive is used with ne; or, noli (nollte) with an Infinitive. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Illustrate each of the above forms in a short Latin command. 

2. Note any Imperatives that you may meet in your daily lesson. 

TRANSLATION 

Observe the ideas and state the principles of syntax. 

*1. Fortify the camp with a very deep ditch. 

*2. Caesar said, “Soldiers, resist the attack of the enemy.” 

*3. Though Caesar ordered the Helvetians to bring all their weapons 
to him, yet they were unwilling to do it. 

*4. At sunset Caesar is said to have ordered his soldiers to give thanks 
for their victory. 

5. Go and do this in like manner. 

6. Don’t give up the ship! 

7. Don’t surrender to the enemy! 











94 


LATIN 


DERIVATION—PREFIXES AND STEMS 


PREFIXES 

inter,— between 
intra,— within 
non,— not 
ob,— against 
per, — through 
post,— after, behind 
prae (pre-),— before 
pro,— before, forth 
re,— (red-) back, again 
se,— (sed-) a part 
sub,— under 
trans,— across 

1. Memorize the above list. Compare with the list of 
Latin prepositions, p. 56, and the list in the Appendix. 

2. Assimilation. —The final consonant frequently changes 
and becomes like the consonant following, in the compound,— 
occurrd, attuli. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Form new Latin verbs by prefixing the above to simple verbs. 
Check your list with the vocabulary. 

2. Give five English compounds for each of the above prefixes. 
Define them. 

3. From the Word-List select all the verbs formed with the above 
prefixes and explain the force of each prefix. 

*4. Use each of the following prefixes in a Latin word and show the 
force of each prefix by defining the word: pro, dis, prae, re. 

TRANSLATION 

• In the following sentences mark and translate carefully the force o 
each prefix: 

1. Armls abiectls, hostes refugerunt et flumen transierunt. 

2. Cum Caesar urbem circumdaret, cives ad eum undique conveniebant 

3. Nonnulli per provinciam redeuntes ab hostibus intercept! sunt. 


a, ab, abs, —away from 
ad, —to, towards 
ante, —before 
circum, —around, about 
con, ( prepositional ), — with 
(adverbial) ,— (intensive) 
contra, —against 
de, —down from, away 
dis, —apart 
e, ex, —out from 
in, (prepositional), -in, into 
(adverbial ),—not 






DERIVATION—PREFIXES AND STEMS 


95 


STEMS 


servo —servatus 

habeo —habitus 

loco —locatus 

moneo— monitus 

/oco —vocatus 

teneo —tentum 

puto —putatus 

ago —actus 

video —vlsus 

cogno sco —cognitus 

moveo —motus 

navigo —navigatus 

duco —ductus 

doceo —doctus 

mitto —missus 

timed - 

died —dictus 

sedeo —sessum 

capio —captus 

scribo —scriptus 

iudico —iudlcatus 

vinco —victus 

paco —pacatus 

sumo —sumptus 

paro —paratus 

facio —factus 

pugno —pugnatus 

iacio —iactus 

specto —spectatus 

audio —audltus 


1. Memorize the principal parts of the above with their 
meanings. 

2. Keep a note-book for lists of derivatives from the above. 

3. Combine the stems with the prefixes on the opposite 
page. Think of English derivatives. 

QUESTIONS 

1. Find five Latin and ten English derivatives from each stem above. 

*2. Write five Latin derivatives and five English derivatives of the 
Latin root cap. 

*3. Write eight English words associated by derivation with the Latin 
verb duco. 

*4. Write eight English words each of which contains a Latin prefix 
and a stem of the verb miltd. 

*5. Write twelve English words each of which contains a stem of the 
verb scrlbo. Define four of them. 

TRANSLATION 

In the following, mark and translate the force of each stem: 

1. His rebus cognitls, Caesar praefectos convocavit. 

2. Audlvlmus Caesarem captlvos servavisse. 

3. Nauta dlxerat se parare statim navigare. 



96 


LATIN 


DERIVATION—STEMS AND SUFFIXES 


STEMS 


do —datus 

mando —mandatus 

venio —ventum 

arbitror —arbitratus 

fido —fisus 

valeo —valiturus 

pono, —positus 

cado —casum 

terreo —territus 

curro, —cursum 

pello —pulsus 

tribuo —tributus 

consulo —consultus 

adiungo —adiunctus 

audeo —ausus 

sequor —secutus 

munio —munTtus 

tollo —sublatus 

oro —oratus 

verto —versus 

porto —portatus 

cedo —cessum 

sto —statum 

caedo —caesus 

fero —latus 

moved —motus 

incolo —incultum 

veho —vectus 

rego —rectus 

sedeo —sessum 

lego —lectus 

habeo —habitus 

solvo —solutus 

sentio —sensus 

fugio —fugiturus 

traho —tractus 

expedio —expedltus 

rogo —rogatus 


1. Memorize the principal parts with meanings of the above. 

2 . Keep a note-book for lists of derivatives from the above. 

3. Compound above stems with the prefixes. Consult 
vocabulary. 

TRANSLATION 

In the following sentences mark and translate carefully the force of 
. each stem: 

1. Vallo munlto, milites pro portls sedebant. 

2. Caesar ubi pervenit, praesidium ad flumen posuit. 

3. CaptivI non ausi sunt se hostibus mandare ne caederentur. 

4. Timore sublato, Romani barbaros in fugam dederunt. 

5. Arbitratur se satis valsre. 


DERIVATION—STEMS AND SUFFIXES 


97 


SUFFIXES 

I. Nouns, expressing, 

1. Action or result: -io,-sio,-tio; -tus, -sus; -ium. 

2. Means or result of action: -men, -mentum. 

3. Office or group: -atus. 

4. Condition or quality: -tudo, -or, -tas, -ia, -itia. 

5. Agent: -tor,-sor. 

II. Adjectives, expressing, 

1. Condition: -idus. 

2. Ability: -ilis,-bilis. 

3. Relation: -ius, -icus, -ilis, -alis, -aris, -arius, -anus. 

1. Observe the use of the above suffixes in words on the 
List in the Appendix. 

2. Associate all new Latin and English words with the above. 

x 

QUESTIONS 

1. State the force of the suffix in each of the compound nouns on the 
Word-List in the Appendix. What Latin and English words are associ¬ 
ated with those nouns? 

*2. Write five English words each of which contains a different 
Latin prefix and a stem of the verb fero. Show the meaning of each 

word. 

*3. Give, with meaning, the Latin prefix and the verb stem in each of 
four of the following: suspicion, provide, revert, expulsion, abstract. 

*4. Define each of the following words according to its etymology: 
benefactor, prediction. 

*5. Write five Latin derivatives and five English derivatives of the 
Latin root spec. 

TRANSLATION 

In the following sentences explain the force of each suffix before trans¬ 
lating : 

1. A cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt. 

2. Regni cupiditate inductus coniurationem nobilitatis fecit. 

3. Quare ne committeret ut is locus, ubi constituent, ex calamitate 
oopuli Romani et intemecione exercitus nomen caperet aut memoriam 
oroderet. 

4. SagittariOs et funditores subsidio oppidanls mittit. 















APPENDIX—CLASSIFIED WORD-LIST 


The accompanying word-groups are based on Lodge’s Vocab¬ 
ulary of High School Latin supplemented by Browne’s Latin 
Word List. They are given in the usual order of their appear¬ 
ance but classified according to type. They must be used con¬ 
stantly for drill purposes. Should you in, your daily reading, 
met with any words not given below, classify them, add to their 
appropriate types and drill accordingly. Check the words as 
they occur in your daily work, and in your note-book write 
for declinable forms, the nominative, the genitive, the gender 
and the meaning; for verbs give the principal parts and mean¬ 
ings. 

NOUNS 


1. fama 

2. fortuna 

3. fuga 

4. Insula 

5. lingua 

6. natura 


32. amlcitia 

33. dlligentia 

34. iniGria 

35. memoria 

36. pecGnia 
37- via 


FIRST DECLENSION 


Type i ( Feminine) 


7. poena 

8. porta 

9. puella 

10. reglna 

11. silva 

12. terra 


13. villa 

14. vita 

15. causa 

16. opera 

17. summa 

18. ancora 


19. aqua 

20. armatGra 

21. discipllna 

22. fossg. 

23. hora 

24. littera 


25. mora 

26. pugna 

27. rlpa 

28. toga 

29. vinea 


Type i ( Masculine) 

30. agricola 3 1 - perfuga 


Type 2 

38. victoria 

39. copia 

40. inopia 

41. familia 

42. gratia 

43. sententia 


( Feminine) 

44. contumelia 

45. custodia 

46. fidGcia 

47. industria 

48. materia 

49. prOvincia 


50. scientia 

51. vigilia 

52. *filia 

53. *angustiae 

54. *msidiae 


99 


APPENDIX—ENGLISH WORD-LIST 


The following English word-groups are arranged to cor¬ 
respond numerically with the Latin to facilitate the drill on 
forms and vocabulary. For obvious reasons it is possible to 
give only the essential or the customary definition. The mean¬ 
ing of each word must be so vividly recognized that the English 
can be given instantaneously for the Latin and vice-versa. 
Associate every Latin word with its fundamental derivation 
and with its derivatives, both Latin and English. Study 
aloud! 


NOUNS 


FIRST DECLENSION 

Type i ( Feminine) 


1. rumor 

7. punishment 

13- 

farmhouse 

19. 

water 

25. delay 

2. fortune 

8. gate 

14. 

life 

20. 

armament 

26. fight 

3. flight 

9- ghl 

15. 

reason 

21. 

training 

27. bank 

4. island 

10 queen 

16. 

work 

22. 

trench 

28. toga 

5. language 

11. forest 

17- 

total 

23. 

hour 

29. shed 

6. nature 

12. land 

18. 

anchor 

24. 

letter 



Type 

1 

( Masculine ) 





30. farmer 31. deserter 


Type 2 ( Feminine) 


32. friendship 

33. diligence 

34. wrong 

35. memory- 

36. money 

37. road 


38. victory 

39. supply 

40. want 

41. household 

42. favor 

43. feeling 


44. insult 

45. guard 

46. confidence 

47. industry 

48. timber 

49. province 


50. knowledge 

51. watch 

52. daughter 

53. narrows 

54. ambush 


100 





APPENDIX 


101 


NOUNS—SECOND DECLENSION 

Type i ( Masculine ) 


55. animus 

61. populus 

67. carrus 

73. tribunus 

56. annus 

62. servus 

68. digitus 

74. tumulus 

57. deus 

63. modus 

69. murus 

75. ventus 

58. equus 

64. legatus 

70. oppidanus 

76. V1CUS 

59. locus 

65. campus 

71. pagus 

77. *liberi 

60. numerus 

66. captlvus 

72. praefectus 



Type i ( Neuter ) 
78. *vulgus 


Type 2 ( Masculine ) 

79. ager 80. liber 81. puer 82. vir 83. gener 


Type 3 ( Masculine ) 


84. filius 85. socius 


89. bellum 

90. exemplum 

91. factum 

92. frumentum 

93. impedlmentum 

94. oppidum 

95. perlculum 

96. regnum 

97. signum 

98. telum 

99. verbum 


86. gladius 87. 

Type 4 ( Neuter) 

100. castellum 

101. detrlmentum 

102. imperatum 

103. incommodum 

104. Institutum 

105. iugum 

106. iumentum 

107. mandatum 

108. pllum 

109. responsum 
no. saxum 


nuntius 88. Sagittarius 


in. scatum 

112. tergum 

113. trlduum 

114. vadum 

115. vallum 

116. vinculum 

117. * nihil (indecl.) 

118. *arma 

119. *castra 

120. *hiberna 


Type 5 ( Neuter) 


121. auxilium 

122. consilium 

123. iudicium 

124. negotium 

125. officium 

126. praemium 


127. praesidium 

128. proelium 

129. supplicium 

130. beneficium 

131. imperium 

132. navigium 


133. spatium 

134. odium 

135. perfugium 

136. aedificium 

137. bracchium 

138. colloquium 


139. concilium 

140. incendium 

141. initium 

142. stlpendium 

143. studium 

144. subsidium 


102 


APPENDIX 


NOUNS—SECOND DECLENSION 


Type i ( Masculine) 


55- soul 

61. people 

67. cart 

73. tribune 

56. year 

62. slave 

68. finger 

74. mound 

57- god 

63. manner 

69. wall 

75. wind 

58. horse 

64. lieutenant 

70. townsman 

76. village 

59. place 

‘ 65. field, plain 

71. canton 

77. children 

60. number 

66. captive 

72. officer 



Type i ( Neuter ) 



78. crowd, rabble 



Type 2 ( Masculine) 


79. field 

80. book 81. boy 

82. man 

83. son-in-law 


Type 3 ( Masculine) 

• 

84. son 85. ally 86. sword 

87. messenger 

88. archer 


Type 4 ( Neuter) 


89. war 

100. fort 

in. 

shield 

90. precedent 

101. loss 

112. 

back 

91. deed 

102. command 

113. three days 

92. grain 

103. misfortune 

114. 

ford 

93. hindrance 

104. custom 

115. rampart 

94. town 

105. yoke 

116. 

chain 

95. danger 

106. beast of burden 117. 

nothing 

96. kingdom 

107. command 

118. 

arms 

97. standard 

108. spear 

119. 

camp 

98. weapon 

109. answer 

120. 

winter-quarters 

99. word 

no. rock 




Type 5 ( Neuter) 


121. aid 

127. guard 

133. space 

139. council 

122. plan 

128. battle 

134. hatred 

140. fire 

123. judgment 

129. punishment 

135. refuge 

141. beginning 

124. business 

130. kindness 

136. building 

142. tribute 

125. duty 

131. command 

137. fore-arm 

143. zeal 

126. reward 

132. boat 

138. conference 

144. help 


APPENDIX 


103 


NOUNS—THIRD DECLENSION—Consonant Stems 


Type i ( Masculine ) 


145. dux 

148. miles 

151. mos 


154. pedes 

146. eques 

149. prlnceps 

152. obses 

155. pes 

147. iudex 

150. rex 

153. lapis 


156. remex 


Type 

1 ( Feminine ) 



157. aestas 

165. lux 

172. cupiditas 

179. 

opportunitas 

158. aucteritas 

166. pax 

173. difficultas 

180. 

palUs 

159. celeritas 

167. salus 

174. laus 

181. 

plebs (see 5th D.) 

160. civitas 

168. servitUs 

175. potestas 

182. 

prex 

161. dignitas 

169. virtUs 

176. calamitas 

183. 

radix 

162. hiems 

170. VOX 

177. facultas 

184. 

tempestas 

163. lex 

171. aetas 

178. nobilitas 

185. 

voluntas 

164. llbertas 

Type 

2 ( Masculine ) 




186. consul 

187. frater 

188. homo 

189. pater 

190. dolor 


191. imperator 

192. orde 

193. timor 

194. centurio 

195. clamor 


196. honor 201. defensor 206. sol 

197. labor 202. explorator 207. terror 

198. quaestor 203. funditor 208. victor 

199. viator 204. mercator 209. *maidres 

200. agger 205. praetor 210. *nemd 


211. mater 

212. soror 

213. altitudo 

214. condlcie 

215. consuetude 

216. magnitude 

217. multitude 

218. oratio 


240. caput 

241. flumen 

242. nOmen 

243. tempus 

244. corpus 


Type : 

219. ratio 

220. aegritudo 

221. legatio 

222. legio 

223. munitio 

224. natio 

225. opinio 

Type 

245. genus 

246. iUs 

247. vulnus 

248. agmen 

249. opus 


» ( Feminine) 

226. regie 

227. suspicie 

228. arbor 

229. contentio 

230. deditio 

231. eruptio 

232. exercitatio 

3 ( Neuter ) 

250. latus 

251. litus 

252. mUnus 

253. onus 

254. Os 


233. latitude 

234. obsidie 

235. occasio 

236. oppugnatio 
23 7. pabulatio 

238. profectio 

239. static 


255. os 

256. pecus 

257. *iter, itineris 

258. *ius-iurandum 


104 


APPENDIX 


NOUNS—THIRD DECLENSION—Consonant Stems 




Type 

1 ( Masculine) 




145. leader 

148. 

soldier 

151. custom 

154 - 

foot-soldier 

146. horseman 

149. 

chief 

152. hostage 

155 . 

foot 


147. judge 

150. 

king 

153. stone 

156. 

oarsman 



Type 

1 ( Feminine) 




157. summer 

165. 

light 

172. desire 

179. 

chance 


158. influence 

166. 

peace 

173. difficulty 

180. 

swamp 


159. speed 

167. 

safety- 

174. praise 

181. 

common people 

160. state 

168. 

slavery 

175. power 

182. 

prayer 


161. worth, rank 

169. 

courage 

176. disaster 

183. 

root 


162. winter 

170. 

voice 

1 77* opportunity 184. 

weather 

163. law 

171. 

age 

178. rank, nobles 185. 

willingness 

164. freedom 


Type 

2 ( Masculine) 




186. consul 191. 

commander 196. office 

201. defender 

206. sun 

187. brother 192. rank 

197. work 

202. scout 

207. fright 

188. person 193. fear 

198. quaestor 

203. slinger 

208. victor 

189. father 194. 

centurion 199. traveler 

204. trader 

209. elders 

190. grief 195. shout 

200. embankment 

205. commander 

210. no one 


Type 2 ( Feminine) 


211. mother 


219. reckoning 

226. district 

233. width 

212. sister 


220. sickness 

227. suspicion 

234. siege 

213. height 


221. embassy 

228. tree 

235. opportunity 

214. terms 


222. legion 

229. struggle 

236 attack 

215. custom 


223. fortification 

230. surrender 

237. foraging 

216. size 


224. tribe 

231. sally 

238. departure 

217. great number 

225. idea 

232. practice 

239. position; picket 

218. speech 


• 





Type 3 ( Neuter ) 


240. head 

245 . 

class; race 

250. side 

255. bone 

241. river 

246. right; law 

251. shore 

256. cattle 

242. name 

247. 

wound 

252. duty 

257. march 

243. time 

248. marching column 

253. weight 

258. oath 

244. body 

249. 

work; labor 

254. mouth 



APPENDIX 


105 


NOUNS—THIRD DECLENSION—I-Stems 



Type 

1 ( Masculine) 



259. civis 

262. mons 

264. adulescens 

266. cliens 

260. finis 

263. pons 

265. collis 


267. ignis 

261. hostis 






Type 

; 1 ( Feminine ) 



268. cohors 

273. pars 

277. classis 

281. 

frons 

269. mens 

£74. turris 

278. gens 

282. 

valles 

270. mors 

275. urbs 

2 79. {ops) opis 

283. 

*vls (pi. vires) 

271. navis 

276. caedes 

280. auris 

284. 

*sponte (abl. only) 


272. nox 

Type 2 ( Neuter) 

285. mare 

FOURTH DECLENSION 


Type i ( Masculine) 


286. adventus 

292. aditus 

298. conventus 

303 - 

usus 

287. equitatus 

293. casus 

299. impetus 

304. 

aestus 

288. exercitus 

294. commeatus 

300. magistratus 

3 ° 5 - 

cursus 

289. exitus 

295. concursus 

301. metus 

306. 

eventus 

290. passus 

296. conspectus 

302. portus 

307. 

gradus 

291. senatus 

297. consulatus 





Type i ( Feminine ) 

308. domus (see 2d D.) 309. manus 

Type 2 ( Neuter) 

310. cornu 

FIFTH DECLENSION 

Type i ( Feminine) 

311. acies 313. res 315. planities 

312. fides 314- spes 316. species 

Type i ( Masculine) 

317. *dies (sometimes Feminine) 


106 


APPENDIX 


NOUNS—THIRD DECLENSION—I-Stems 


Type i ( Masculine ) 

264. youth 

265. hill 

Type i ( Feminine ) 


259. citizen 

260. end; border 

261. enemy 

268. cohort 

269. mind 

270. death 

271. ship 

272. night 


262. mountain 

263. bridge 


273. part 

274. tower 

275. city 

276. slaughter 


277. fleet 

278. clan 

279. help; wealth 

280. ear 


266. vassal 

267. fire 


281. front 

282. valley 

283. strength 

284. voluntarily 


Type 2 ( Neuter ) 
285. sea 


FOURTH DECLENSION 


Type i ( Masculine ) 


286. arrival 

292. approach 

298. assembly 

303. 

use; need 

287. cavalry 

293. accident 

299. attack 

304 - 

tide 

288. army 

294. supplies 

300. magistracy 

305. 

running 

289. outlet 

295. rallying 

301. fear 

306. 

outcome 

290 pace 

296. sight 

302. harbor 

307. step 

291. senate 

297. consulship 





Type i ( Feminine) 
308. house; home 309. hand 


Type 2 ( Neuter) 

310. horn; wing of army 

FIFTH DECLENSION 

Type i ( Feminine) 

311. line of battle 313. thing (?) 315. plain 

312. faith; allegiance 314. hope 316. appearance 


Type i ( Masculine ) 
31 7. day (Fem.= date) 


APPENDIX 


107 


PRONOUNS 


Personal 

318. eg6 

319. ta 

Reflexive 

320. sul 


Demonstrative 

321. hie 

322. idem 

323. ille 

324. is 
Intensive 

325. ipse 


Relative 

326. qul 

327. quicumque 

Interrogative 

328. quis 


Indefinite 

329. aliquis 

330. quldam 

331. quisquam 

332. quisque 
333 - (si) quis 


ADJECTIVES—REGULAR COMPARISON 
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 

Type i (Superlatives in -ss-) 


334. aequus 

342. longus 

350. perltus 

358. superbus 

335. altus 

343. notus 

351. plenus 

359. vetustus 

336. amicus 

344. novus 

352. angustus 

360. alienus 

337. amplus 

345. * panel 

353. apertus 

361. dlversus 

338. barbarus 

346. tardus 

354. commodus 

362. occultus 

339. certus 

347. timidus 

355. flrmus 

363. tutus 

340. inimlcus 

348. verus 

356. imperltus 

364. excelsus 

341. inlquus 

349. cupidus 

357. iustus 

365. infirmus 


Type 2 (Superlatives in -rr-) 


366. creber 

367. integer 

368. pulcher 369. 

sacer 370. aeg 


Type 3 (Superlative in -rr-) 

371. liber 

THIRD DECLENSION 

Type i (Superlative in -ss-) 

372. recens 

Type 2 (Superlatives in -ss-) 

373. fortis 375- levis 377- brevis 379. *ulilis 

374. gravis 376. *ndbilis 378* turpis 

Type 3 (Superlatives in -rr-) 

380. acer 381. celer 

Type 2 (Superlatives in - 11 -) 

382. difficilis 383- fa.cilis 384* similis 


108 


APPENDIX 


PRONOUNS 


Personal Demonstrative Relative 

318. I 321. this 326. who 

319. you 322. same 327. whoever 

323. that 

Reflexive 324. this; that Interrogative 

320. (him)self Intensive 328. who 

325. -self 


Indefinite 

329. some one 

330. a certain one 

331. any (at all) 

332. each 

333. any one 


ADJECTIVES—REGULAR COMPARISON 

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 

Type i 


334. even 

342. long 

350. experienced 

358. proud 

335. high 

343. well-known 351. full 

359. old 

336. friendly 

344. new 

352. narrow 

360. another’s 

337. large 

345. few 

353. open 

361. separate 

338. foreign 

346. slow 

354. fitting 

362. concealed 

339. certain 

347. cowardly 

355. strong 

363. safe 

340. unfriendly 

348. true 

356. inexperienced 

364. lofty 

341. uneven 

349. desirous 

357. lawful 

365. weak 



Type 2 


366. frequent 

367. untouched 

368. beautiful 369. holy 370. sick 


Type 3 

371. free 

THIRD DECLENSION 

Type i 

372. fresh, new 
Type 2 

373. strong, brave 375. light 377. short 379. useful 

374. heavy 376* famous 378. ugly, shameful 

Type 3 

380. sharp 381. swift 
Type 2 
383. easy 


382. difficult 


384. like 


APPENDIX 


109 


ADJECTIVES—IRREGULAR COMPARISON 

Type i 

385. bonus 386. magnus 387. parvus 388. multus 389. vetus 

Type 2 

390. posterus 391. superus 

Type 3 

392. prior 393. citerior 

Type 4 

394. egregius 398. necessarius 401. regius 

395. flnitimus 399. propinquus 402. defessus 

396. publicus 400. dubius 403. exiguus 

397. idoneus 

ADJECTIVES—NO COMPARISON 

Type i 

407. meus 408. tuus 409. suus 410. noster 411. vester 

Type 2 

412. alius 414. solus 416. ullus 418. uterque 

413. nullus 415. totus 417. alter 

Type 3 

419. secundus 425. ducentl 

420. sextus 426. mille 

421. singull 427. quadringenti 

422. primus—decimus 428. trecenti 

423. unus—decern 429. undecim—vlgintl 

424. centum 


430. secentl 

431. quadraginta 

432. qulnquaginta 

433. sexaginta 

434. trlginta 


404. pristinus 

405. repent inus 

406. vacuus 


Type 4.—First and Second Declensions 


435. medius . 

436. reliquus . 

437. frumentarius 

438. vlvus 


439. *ceterl 

440. maritimus 

441. nocturnus 

442. nonnullus 


443. perpetuus 

444. quantus 

445. tantus 

446. universus 


447. ccftidianus 

448. cunctus 

449. decumanus 

450. *plerlque 


110 


APPENDIX 


ADJECTIVES—IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


Type i 

385. good 386. great 387. small 388. much 389. old 



Type 2 

390. next 

391. higher 


Type 3 
392. former 

393. hither 

394. remarkable 

Type 4 

398. necessary 

401. royal 

395. neighboring 

399. near 

402. weary 

396. public 

400. doubtful 

403. scanty 

397. suitable 




404. old 

405. sudden 

406. empty 


ADJECTIVES—NO COMPARISON 


407. 

my 408. thy 

Type i 

409. (his) own 

410. our 411. your 

412. 

other 

Type 2 

414. alone 416. any 418. both 

413 - 

no 

415. whole 417. 

the other 

419. 

second 

Type 3 

425. two hundred 

430. six hundred 

420. 

sixth 

426. thousand 

431. forty 

421. 

one by one 

427. four hundred 

432. fifty 

422. 

first—tenth 

428. three hundred 

433. sixty 

423 - 

one—ten 

429. eleven—twenty 

434. thirty 

424. 

hundred 




Type 4— First and Second Declensions 


435. middle (of) 

436. remaining 

437. of grain 

438. living 


439. the others 

440. maritime 

441. nightly 

442. some 


443. continuous 

444. how great? 

445. so great 

446. all together 


447. daily 

448. all 

449. tenth; rear 

450. most of 


APPENDIX 


111 


ADJECTIVES—NO COMPARISON—Continued 

Type 4—Third Declension 


451. equester 

452. pedester 

453. communis 

454. familiaris 


455. immortalis 

456. incolumis 

457. mllitaris 

458. omnis 

Type 

467. necesse 


459. par 

460. praesens 

461. singularis 

462. talis 

5 

468. tot 


463. *complures 

464. duplex 

465. dexter 

466. sinister 


ADVERBS—REGULAR COMPARISON 


Type i 

469. certe 472. dlligenter 474. graviter 

470. longe 473. fortiter 475. audacter 

471. ample 

Type 2 

478. acriter 479. celeriter 480. aegre 


476. repente 

477. vehementer 

Type 3 
481. facile 


ADVERBS—IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


485. parum 487. saepe 

486. *potius 488. paulum 

ADVERBS—NO COMPARISON 


482. magnopere 

483. multum 

484. diu 

491. antea 

492. cur 

493. etiam 

494. iam 

495. -ne 

496. non . 

497. nunc 

498. postea 

499. turn 

500. interim 

501. ne--quidem 

502. quidem 

503. satis 

504. verO 
505- bis 
506. eO 


507. hie 

508. unde 

509. ita 

510. itaque 

511. item 

512. mode 

513. numquam 

514. plerumque 

515. propterea 

516. qua 

517. quo 

518. semper 

519. sic 

520. solum 

521. tarn 

522. tamen 


523. clam 

524. cotidie 

525. deinde 

526. eOdem 

527. frustra 

528. gratis 

529. hue 

530. iam prldem 

531. noctu 

532. nOndum 

533. omnlnO 

534. paene 

535. palam 

536. partim 

537. paulatim 

538. paulo 


489. prlmum 

490. bene 


539. praesertim 

540. praeterea 

541. prldie 

542. prlmO 

543. procul 

544. quOque 

545. rursus 

546. simul 

547. statim 

548. subito 

549. ultro 

550. una 

551. unde 

552. undique 

553. usque 
554- vix 


112 


APPENDIX 


ADJECTIVES—NO COMPARISON—Continued 

Type 4—Third Declension 


451. of cavalry 

455 * 

immortal 

459. equal 

463. very many 

452. of infantry 

456 . 

unharmed 

460. immediate 

464. twofold 

453. common 

457 - 

military 

461. solitary 

465. right 

454. of the household 

458 . 

every; all 

462. such 

466. left 


Type 5 

467. necessary 468. so many 

ADVERBS—REGULAR COMPARISON 


Type i 

469. surely 472. carefully 474. heavily 

470. far 473. bravely 475. boldly 

471. largely 

Type 2 

478. sharply 479. swiftly 480. feebly 


476. suddenly 

477. violently 

Type 3 
481. easily 


ADVERBS—IRREGULAR COMPARISON 


482. greatly 

485. little 

487. often 

489. first 

483. much 

486. rather 

488. a little 

490. well 

484. long (time) 





ADVERBS—NO 

COMPARISON 


491. before 

507. here 

523. secretly 

539. especially 

492. why 

508. whence 

524. daily 

540. besides 

493. also 

509.so 

525. then 

541. day before 

494. already 

510. therefor 

526. to same place 542. at first 

495. not? 

511. likewise 

527. in vain 

543. from afar 

496. not 

512. only 

528. freely 

544. also 

497. now 

513. never 

529. hither 

545 again 

498. afterwards 

514. usually 

530. long ago 

546. at same tinu 

499. then 

515. on this account 

531. by night 

547 at once 

500. meanwhile 

516 where 

532. not yet 

548. suddenly 

501. not—even 

517. whither 

533. altogether 

549. beyond; free 

502. indeed 

518. always 

534. almost 

550. together 

503. enough 

519. so 

535. openly 

551. whence 

504. truly 

520. alone 

536. partly 

552. from all side 

505. twice 

521. so 

537. gradually 

553. up to 

506. thither 

522. nevertheless 

538. a little 

554. hardly 


APPENDIX 


113 


CONJUNCTIONS 

Type i 


555. ac (atque) 



560. 

autem 

563. cum - turn 

556. aut 




{post-positive) 

564. non modo- 

557. et 



561. 

enim 

sed etiam 

558. nec (neque) 




{post-positive) 

565. an 

559. neque-neque 


562. 

nam 

566. at 





Type 2 


567. quam 

572 . 

dum 

576. postquam 

580. quominus 

568. ubi 

573 - 

etsl 


577. priusquam 

581. quoniam 

569. quod 

574 - 

ne 


578. quin 

582. quod si 

570. si 

575 - 

nisi 


579. quo 

583. sicut (sicutl) 


571. cum 

PREPOSITIONS 


Type i {Accusative) 


584. ad 

585. ante 

586. in 

587. per 

588. post 

589. trans 

590. apud 

591. inter 

592. ob 

593. propter 

594. circiter 

595. contra 

596. extra 

597. infra 

598. ultra 

599. prope 

600. sub 

601. adversus 

602. intra 

603. praeter 

604. supra 


Type 2 

{A blative) 


505. a(ab) 

606. cum 

607. de 

608. e(ex) 

609. in 

610. pro 

611. sine 

612. sub 


Type 3 

613. causa (with genitive preceding) 



114 


APPENDIX 


CONJUNCTIONS 

Type i 


555. and also 

560. moreover 563. 

while—so also 

556. or 

561. for, but 564. 

not only—but also 

557. and 

562. for 

565 - 

whether; or 

558. and not 

559. neither—nor 


566. 

but 


Type 

2 


567. than 

572. while, until 

576. after 

580. that—not 

568. when; where 

573. even if; altho 

577. before 

581. since 

569. because 

574. that not 

578. but that 

582. but if 

570. if 

575. if not; unless 

579. in order that 583. just as 


571. when; since 


PREPOSITIONS 


Type i 


584. to 

590. at; with 

595. against 

600. 

under 

585. before 

591. between 

596. outside of 

601. 

against 

586. into 

592. against 

597. below 

602. 

within 

587. through 

593. on account of 

598. beyond 

603. 

past; except 

588. after 

589. across 

594. about 

599. near 

604. 

above 


Type 2 



605. from; by 

607. down from; about 609. in 


611. without 

606. with 

608. out from 

610. before; for 

612. under 


Type 3 

613. for the sake of 



APPENDIX 


115 


VERBS 


FIRST CONJUGATION 

Type i ( Transitives ) 


614. am© 

629. 

oppugno 

644. commemoro 

659 - 

comportO 

615. appello 

630. 

servo 

645. curO 

660. 

transport© 

616. confirm© 

631. 

conserve 

646. dlmicO 

661. 

administro 

617. exlstimo 

632. 

vocO 

647. exploro 

662. 

decerto 

618. exspecto 

633 . 

convocO 

648. excito 

663. 

explicO (also 1-3) 

619. llbero 

634 - 

evocO 

649. incite 

664. 

interrogO 

620. occupo 

635 - 

eoncito 

650. ignOrO 

665. 

invito 

621. paco 

636. 

demonstro 

651. impetrO 

666. 

occultO 

622. porto 

637 . 

impero 

652. OrO 

667. 

perturbo 

623. puto 

638. 

supero 

653. postulO 

668. 

prlvO 

624. spectO 

639 - 

tempto 

654. recusO 

669. 

sollicitO 

625. locO 

640. 

vulnero 

655. revocO 

670. 

sublevO 

626. conclamo 

641. 

desperO (?) 656. tardo 

671. 

trucldo 

627. comparo 

642. 

armO 

657. mando 

672. 

vasto 

628. expugno 

643 . 

collocO 

658. commendO 

673 . 

VltO 


Type 2 (I-stems) 

674. nantio 675. enuntio 676. pronuntio 


Type 3 (Intransitives) 


377. labOrO 
>78. navigo 


>85. arbitror 
•86. cOnor 
17. versor 
hortor 


679. proper© 

680. appropinquO 


681. dubito 

682. ambulo 


Type 4 (Deponents) 


689. cohortor 

690. moror 

691. commoror 


692. cOnspicor 

693. suspicor 

694. admlror 


Type 5 (Irregulars) 

98. do 699. sto 700. cOnstO 701. InstO 


683. ifiro 

684. hiemO 


695. frumentor 

696. pabulor 

697. proelior 


702. circumdo 




116 


APPENDIX 


VERBS 

FIRST CONJUGATION 


Type i 


614. love 

629. attack 

644. recount 

659. bring toge" 

615. call 

630. save 

645. care for 

660. carry aero! 

616. strengthen 

631.spare 

646. fight 

661. manage 

617. think 

632. call 

647. investigate 

662. fight out 

618. wait for 

633. call together 

648. rouse 

663. unfold; ex 

619. free 

634. call out 

649. urge on 

664. ask; quest 

620. seize 

635.arouse 

650. be igiforant of 

665. invite 

621. subdue 

636. point out 

651. obtain request 

; 666. hide . 

622.carry 

637. command 

652. pray; speak 

667. disturb; al; 

623. think 

638. overcome 

653. demand 

668 deprive of 

624. look at 

639. try; attempt 

654 refuse 

669 arouse; sti 

625. place 

640. wound 

655 call back 

670. raise up 

626. shout out 

641. despair 

656. hinder 

671. massacre 

627. get together 

642. arm 

657. entrust 

672. lay waste 

628. take by storm 643. place together 

Type 

658. intrust 

2 

673. escape 


674. report 675. reveal 676. declare 


Type 3 

677. work 679. hasten 68r. doubt; hesitate 683. swear 

678. sail 680. approach 682. walk 684. spend the winter 

Type 4 

685. think 689. encourage 692. catch sight of 695. forage (grain) 

686. try 690. delay 693. suspect 696. forage (fodder) 

687. engage in 691. linger 694. wonder at 697. fight; battle 

688. urge 

Type 5 

698. give 699. stand 700. agree 701. press on 702. surround 




APPENDIX 


117 


VERBS—SECOND CONJUGATION 



Type i 

(Transitives) 


703. debeo 

710. admoneS 

717. obtineS 

724. perterreS 

704. iubeS 

711. moves 

718. pertineS (?) 

725. obsideS 

705. responded 

712; commoveo 

719. retineS 

726. augeS . 

706. habeo 

713. permoveo 

720. sustineS 

727. compleS 

707. adhibeS 

714. removeo 

721. videS 

728. deterreS 

708. prohibeS 

715. *tened 

722. prSvideS 

729. meres 

709. moneo 

716. contineo 

723. doceS 

730. praebeS 


Type 2 

(Intransitives) 


731. times 

734. persuadeo 

737. remaneS 

740. vales 

732. invideo 

735. manes 

738. sedeS 

741. lateS 

733. noceS 

736. permaneS 

739. pates 

742. studeS 


Type 3 (Deponents) 


743. polliceor 

744. tueor 

745. vereor 

746. meres 


Type 4 ( Semi-Deponent) 
747. audeS 


Type 5 (Impersonate) 


748. oportet 


749. licet 




118 


APPENDIX 


VERBS—SECOND CONJUGATION 

Type i 


703. owe; ought 

710. warn; urge 

717. possess 

724. terrify 

704. order 

711. move 

718. extend 

725. besiege 

705. answer 

712. stir; alarm 

719. hold back 

726. increase 

706. have 

713. influence 

720. withstand 

727. fill up 

707. admit; use 

714. move back 

721. see 

728. frighten off 

708. keep off 

715. hold 

722. foresee 

729. serve; deserve 

709. advise; warn 716. restrain 

723. teach 

730. offer 


Type 2 


731. fear 

734. persuade 

737. stay back 

740. be strong 

732. envy 

735. stay 

738. sit 

741. be concealed 

733. harm 

736. remain 

739. lie open 

742. be eager for 


Type 3 


^43. promise 

744. watch 

745. fear 

746. win; deserve 


Type 4 
747. dare 


Type 5 

748. it ought 749. it is allowed 


APPENDIX 


119 


VERBS—THIRD CONJUGATION—Consonant-Stems 


Type i ( Transitives) 


750. cognosce 

776. cOnscrlbe 

801. propone 

826. 

impOnO 

751. cOnsulo 

777. antecedo 

802. ascendo 

827. 

incolO 

752. defends 

778. deligo 

803. exstruo 

828. 

minus 

753. dies 

779. incendO 

804. instruo 

829. 

opprims 

754. gers 

780. lego 

805. ostendo 

830. 

poscO 

755. relinquO 

781. praedicO 

806. submitte 

831. 

quiesce 

756. ago 

782. premo 

807. succedo 

832. 

tegO 

757. CSgS 

783. same 

808. attingo 

833 . 

caedo 

758. redigS 

784. traho 

809. concede 

834 - 

occlde 

759. dues 

785. traduce 

810. deduce 

835 . 

cemo 

760. abdacO 

786. vinco 

811. dispergo 

836. 

decernO 

761. adduce 

787. claudo 

812. immitto 

837 . 

adiungo 

762. educe 

788. exclude 

813. solve 

838. 

coniungs 

763. induce 

789. interclQdO 

814. tolls 

839 . 

comprehends 

764. perducS 

790. abdo 

815. colligO 

840. 

deprehends 

765. produce 

791. redds 

816. intellegO 

841. 

regS 

766. redQcO 

792. trade 

817. tribuO 

842. 

dlrigO 

767. mitts 

793. pells 

818. attribuO 

843 - 

statue 

768. amitts 

794. expello 

819. distribuS 

844. 

cSnstituO 

769. committO 795. impello 

820. compells 

845 . 

InstituO 

770. dlmittO 

796. repello 

821. cenfllgO 

846. 

restituO 

771. intermitto 797. pOnO 

822. crescO 

847. 

verto 

772. permitto 

798. depOno 

823. desere 

848. 

averts 

773. praemitto 799. expOnO 

824. divide 

849. 

adverts 

774. remitto 

800. oppOnO 

825. exstinguO 

850. 

animadverts 

775. scribe 

Type 2 

(. Intransitives) 



851. discedo 

855. descends 859. contends 863. concurre 

867. cOnslde 

852. excedO 

856. consists 860. accede 864. occurrO 

868. cade 

853. precede 

857. desists 861. cOnsuescO 865. precurro 

869. accido 

854. cedo 

858. resists 862. 

curro 866. succurro 

870. incido 


Type 3 

( Deponents ) 




871. nascor 874. Qtor 877. sequor 880. persequor 883. nanclscor 

872. proficlscor 875. loquor 878. cOnsequor 881. prosequor 884. revertor 

373. queror 876. colloquor 879. Insequor 882. subsequor 885. confldo 

Type 4 ( Irregulars) 

$86. pete 887. quaere 888. arcessO 889. conqulrS 890. *ferd 



120 


APPENDIX 


VERBS—THIRD CONJUGATION—Consonant-Stems 

Type i 


750. leam; know 

776 

enlist; levy 

801. place before 

826. put on 

751. consult 

777 - 

go forward 

802. climb up 

827. inhabit 

752. defend 

778. 

select 

803. heap up 

828. lessen 

753- say 

779 - 

set fire to 

804. draw up 

829. overwhelm 

754. carry on; wage 

780. 

pick; read 

805. show 

830'. demand 

755. leave behind 

781. 

declare 

806. send up 

831. rest 

756. do; drive 

782. 

press hard 

807. come up to 

832. cover 

757. collect; compel 

783. 

take up 

808. touch on 

833. cut; kill 

758. reduce 

784 

drag; draw 

809. yield 

834. kill 

759. lead 

785 . 

lead across 

810. lead down 

835. distinguish 

760. lead away 

786. 

conquer 

811. scatter 

836. decide 

761. lead to 

787 . 

close 

812. send into 

837. join to 

762. lead out 

788. 

shut out 

813. loose; sail 

838. connect 

763. lead into 

789. 

cut off 

814. raise; remove 

839. capture 

764. lead through 

790. 

put away; hide 

815. gather 

840. arrest 

765. lead forth 

791. 

give back 

816. understand 

841. rule 

766. lead back 

792. 

surrender 

817. grant 

842. guide 

767. send 

793 - 

drive; beat 

818. assign 

843. setup 

768. send off; lose 

794 - 

drive out 

819. distribute 

844. establish 

769. join; entrust 

795 - 

drive on 

820. drive together 845. set up 

770. send away 

796. 

drive back 

821. dash together 

846. setback 

771. leave off 

797 - 

put; place 

822. grow 

847. turn 

772. allow 

798. 

put down 

823. abandon 

848. turn away 

773. send ahead 

799 - 

put forth 

824. separate 

849. turn to 

774. send back 

800. 

oppose 

825. blot out 

850. attend to 

775. write 


Type 

2 

■ r. 3 1 

851. go away 855. go down 859. strive 863. run together 867. encamp 


852. go out 856. halt 

853. go forward 857. cease 

854. give way 858. resist 


860. go to 864. meet 868. fall 

861. accustom 865. run forward 869. happen 

862. run 866. succor 870. fall int 


Type 3 

871. be bom 874. use 877. follow 880. pursue 883. find; ge 

872. set out 875. speak 878. overtake 881. escort * 884. return 

873. complain 876. speak with 879. follow up 882. follow closely 885. trust 

Type 4 

886. seek; request 887. ask question 888. summon 889. hunt up 890. bea 





APPENDIX 


m 


VERBS—THIRD CONJUGATION—I-Stems 


891. capio 

Type i 

899. deficio 

892. accipio 

900. excipio 

893. incipio 

901. interficio 

894. intercipio 

902. perficio 

895. suscipio 

903. praeficio 

896. eripio 

904. reficio 

897. praecipio 

905. iacio 

898. conficio 

906. adicio 

921. satisfacio 

Type 2 

922. fugio 923. 


( Transitives) 


907. conicio 

914. 

recipio 

908. deicio 

915 - 

intericio 

909. eicio 

916. 

conspicio 

910. obicio 

917. 

despicio 

911. proicio 

918. 

perspicio 

912. reicio 

919. 

efficio 

913. traicio 

920. 

inicio 


(. Intransitives ) 

perfugio 924. profugio 925. refugio 


926. patior 

927. adgredior 


Type 3 (Deponents) 

928. congredior 930. progredior 

929. egredior 


Type 4 ( Irregulars ) 

931. *facid 932. cupio 


FOURTH CONJUGATION 


933. audio 

934. impedio 

935. munio 


Type i ( Transitives ) 

936. sciO 939. invenio 942. comperi6 

937. sentio 940. convenio 943. reperio 

938. circumvenio 941. expedio 


944. dormio 


Type 2 ( Intransitives) 

945. servio 946. venio 947. pervenio 


Type 3 ( Deponents) 


948. potior 


949. onor 


950. adorior 


951. expenor 


APPENDIX 


122 


VERBS—THIRD CONJUGATION—I-Stems 



Type i 




891. take 

899. fail 

907. 

hurl 

914. 

take back 

892. receive 

900. take up 

908. 

throw down 

915 - 

throw in 

893. begin 

901. kill 

909. 

throw out 

916. 

catch sight of 

894. intercept 

902. complete 

910. 

throw against 

917. 

look down on 

895. undertake 

903. put before 911. 

throw forth 

918. 

see through 

896. snatch away 

904. repair 

912. 

throw back 

919. 

make; produce 

897. order; instruct 905. throw 

913 - 

throw over 

920. 

throw into 

898. finish up 

906. throw to 






Type 2 

921. satisfy 922. flee 923. escape to 924. flee before 925. runaway 


Type 3 

926. suffer; allow 928. come together; fight 930. advance 

927. go towards; attack 929. go out 

Type 4 

931.. make; do 932. be eager for; desire 


FOURTH CONJUGATION 


Type i 


933. hear 936. know 

934. hinder 937. feel 

935. fortify 938. surround 


939. come upon; find 942. find out 

940. come together 943. discover 

941. set free 


Type 2 

944. sleep 945. be a slave to 946. come 947. arrive at; reach 


Type 3 

948. get control of 949. arise 950. attack 951. tryout 



APPENDIX 


ns 



VERBS 

—IRREGULARS 



Type 

1 ( Transitives) 


952. adeO 

956. fero 

959. defero 

962. perfero 

953. ineo 

957. affero 

960. Infero 

963. refero 

954. subeO 

958. cOnfero 

961. offero 

964. *facio- -fid 

955. transeo 




Type 

2 ( Intransitives ) 


965. sum 

969. desum 

973. volo 

976. intereo 

966. absum 

970. praesum 974. eo 

977. pereo 

967. adsum 

971. malo 

975. exeo 

978. redeO 

968. possum 972. nolo 




DEFECTIVES 


' 

979. coepl 

980. Odl 




Type i 


2. go to 

956. bear; carry 

959. bring away; report 

962. carry through 

3. go into 

957. bring to 

960. bring in; make 

963. bring back 

4. go under 

958. bring together 

961. offer 

964. make—happen 


5. go across 


Type 2 


965. be 

966. be away 

967. be near 

968. be able 


969. be wanting 

970. be at head of 

971. prefer 

972. be unwilling 


973. will; wish 
974- go 
975. go out 


976. die 

977. perish 

978. go back 


DEFECTIVES 


979. began 


980. hate 


EXAMINATION PAPERS 
LATIN—First Two Years 

Tuesday, January 18, 1921—1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


Answer seven questions 

1. Test on vocabulary and forms on separate sheet. 

2. Translate into English either a or b and translate also c, answering 
the questions on the passages chosen: 

a 

1 Sic Hannibal minor qulnque et vlgintl annls natus imperator factus 

2 proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae hello subegit, Saguntum, 

3 foederatam civitatem, vt expugnavit, tres exercitus maximos comparavit. 

4 Ex his ilnum in Africam mlsit, alterum cum Hasdrubale frdtre in His- 

5 pania rellquit, tertium in ftaliam secum duxit. Ut saltum Pyrenaeum 

6 transiit, quacumque iter fecit, cum omnibus incolis confllxit; nSminem 

7 nisi victum dlmlsit.—Nepos, Hannibal , 3 

* Give the reason for the case of each of three of the following and 
state the word on which the construction depends: hello (line 2), 
vl (line 3 ), frdtre (line 4), incolis (line 6). 
h 

8 Ac iam conversls in earn partem navibus, quo ventus ferebat, tanta 

9 subito malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco movere non possent. 

10 Quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna; 

11 nam singulas nostrl consectatl expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni 

12 numero noctis interventu ad terram pervenerint, cum ab hora fere 

13 quarta usque ad solis occasum pugndretur. — De Bello Gallico, III, 15 

Give the reason for the mode of each of the following and state the 
verb on which the construction depends: possent (line 9), pug¬ 
ndretur (line 13). 

Give the reason for the case of each of two of the following: se (line 
9), negotium (line 10), interventu (line 12). 
c 

14 Ibi ek captlvls cognoscit, quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque 

15 in periculo res sit. Turn cuidam ex equitibus Gallls magnls praemiii 

16 persuadet utl ad Ciceronem epistulam deferat. Hanc Graecls con- 

17 scrlptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta epistula nostra ab hostibu 5 

18 consilia cognoscantur.—De Bello Gallico , V, 48 

124 



EXAMINATION PAPERS 


125 


Give the reason for the case of each of two of the following:. cuidarn 
(line 15), praemiis (line 15), litteris (line 17). 

Give the reason for the mode of sit (line 15), cognoscantur (line 18). 

3. Write brief explanatory notes on four of the following: Jason, the 
Argonauts, Glauce, Ambiorix, Vercingetorix. 

Or 

Give a brief outline of the events narrated in book II of the Gallic War. 

4. Answer a , b and c: 

a. Write four Latin derivatives and four English derivatives of the 

Latin verb capio. 

b. Write eight English words associated by derivation with the 

Latin verb duco. 

c. Define each of the following words according to its etymology: 

benefactor, prediction. 

5. Translate at sight into English: 

FINAL PREPARATIONS IN THE SIEGE OF ALESIA 

19 His rebus cognitls Caesar Labienum cum cohortibus sex subsidio 

20 laborantibus mittit. Imperat, si sustinere non possit, deductls cohorti- 

21 bus eruptione pugnet; id nisi necessario ne faciat. Ipse adit reliquos; 

22 cohortatur, ne labor! succumbant; omnium superiorum dlmicationum 

23 fructum in eo die atque hora docet consistere. Interiors, desperatls 

24 campestribus locls propter magnitudinem munltionum, loca praerupta 

25 ascensu temptant; hue ea, quae paraverant, conferunt. 

— De Bello Gallico, VII, 86 

succumbant (line 22) = yield, dlmicationum (line 22) = struggles, fructum 
(line 23)= benefit, campestribus locis (line 24)= level ground, praerupta 
(line 24) = steep. 

6. Write in Latin three of the following sentences: 

a. When the fleet came Brutus announced to Caesar that he was 
willing to attack the enemy. 

b. The soldiers could not refrain from battle after the Helvetians 
said that they would not give hostages. 

c. Dumnorix had led his army through the territory of the Sequani 
without the knowledge of the Romans. 

d. In a few years the Germans with a large army will make a second 
attack on the Gauls. 

7. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating two of the following 
principles of syntax and translate each sentence: (a) dative of possessor, 
( b ) extent of space, (c) clause of characteristic. 




LATIN—First Two Years 


Tuesday, June 14, 1921—1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


Answer seven questions 

1. Time-limited test on separate sheet. 

2. Translate the following passages into English and answer the 
questions thereon: 

1 At rex Aeetes, ubi cognovit Iasonem laborem prOpositum cSnfecisse, 

2 Ira graviter commotus est; intellegebat enim id per dolum factum esse, 

3 nee dubitabat quin Medea auxilium ei tulisset , Medea autem, cum 

4 intellegeret se in magno fore perlculo si in regia manslsset, fuga salutem 

5 petere constituit.—Ritchie, The Argonauts 

6 Ea re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum strepita ac tumultQ 

7 castris egressl nullo certs Srdine neque imperis, cum sibi quisque 

8 prlmum itineris locum peteret et domum pervenlre properaret, fecerunt, 

9 ut consimilis fugae profectis videretur. — De Bello Gallico,.II, 11 

10 Posters die cSntiSne habita rem gestam prSpSnit, mllites consSlatur 

11 et cSnf Irmat; quod detrlmentum culpa et temeritate legatl sit accep- 

12 turn, hoc aequiore animS ferendum docet, quod, beneficis deorum 

13 immortalium et virtute eorum expiato incommode, neque hostibus 

14 diutina laetitia neque ipsls longior dolor relinquatur. 

—De Bello Gallico , V, 52 

a. Give the reason for the case of each of three of the following and 

state the word on which the construction depends; ei (line 3), 
castris (line 7), domum (line 8), culpa, (line 11). 

b. Give the reason for the mode of each of four of the following: 

cognovit (line 1), tulisset (line 3), peteret (line 8), videretur (line 9), 
relinquatur (line 14). 

3. Mention a fact or an incident linking the name of Caesar with each 
of two of the following: Orgetorix, Sulla, Britannia, Pompey. 

Or 

Write a brief description of the tormenta used by Caesar in warfare. 

12G 



EXAMINATION PAPERS 


127 


4. a. Write eight English words each of which is derived from a stem of 

the verb tened with a different prefix. 

b. Write six English words associated by derivation with one of the 

following: puto, died. 

c. Define each of the following words according to its etymology: 

circumnavigation , spectator , invincible. 

5. Translate at sight into English: 

CAESAR SENDS ORDERS TO THREE LIEUTENANTS 

15 Caesar, acceptls litterls hora circiter undecima diei, statim nuntium 

16 in BellovacOs ad M. Crassum mittit, cflius hlbema aberant ab eO mllia 

1 7 passuum xxv; iubet media nocte legionem proficlscl celeriterque ad se 

18 venire. Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad C. Fabium legatum 

19 mittit, tit in Atrebatium fines legionem adducat, qua sibi iter facien- 

20 dum sciebat. Scrlbit Labieno, si rel publicae commodo facere possit, 

21 cum legidne ad fines Nerviorum veniat.— De Bello Gallico, V, 46 

commodo (line 20) =for the advantage 

6. Write in Latin three of the following sentences: 

a. The Gauls fought so fiercely that the enemy could not drive 

them back. 

b. The Remi said that they were ready to give hostages and that 

they would surrender their arms. 

c. Caesar had crossed the river and was urging his soldiers to 

join battle with the enemy. 

d. When this was known, Considius was sent ahead with scouts 

to learn what was going on. 

e. That lieutenant thinks that he was braver than his general in 

the battle. 

7. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating two of the following 
principles of syntax and translate each sentence: ( a) indirect object, 

( b ) genitive of the whole (partitive genitive), (c) gerundive construction. 


(Time-limited Test —Not more than 12 minutes) 
Tuesday, January 17, 1922—1.45 to 4.15 p. m. 


1. a. On this page, 
English: 

opposite each Latin word, 

write its meaning 

1. pello 

18. eruptio 

35. clamor 

2. Conor 

19. cado 

36. obses 

3. deinde 

20. pilum 

37. tergum 

4. mare 

21. initium 

38. adduco 

5. nox 

22. priusquam 

39. nolo 

6. fides 

23. quaero 

40. ripa 

7. corpus 

24. accedo 

41. frustra 

8. navis 

25. posco 

42. turris 

9. opprimo 

26. consido 

43. modus 

10. impetro 

27. quis 

44. adulescens 

11. paene 

28. parvus 

45. soror 

12. amitto 

29. regius 

46. loquor 

13. pereo 

30. deterreo 

47. ius 

14. laus 

31. hue 

48. pro video 

15. efficio 

32. omnino 

49. utor 

16. arbitror 

33. cemo 

50. conventus 

17. pax 

34. servus 



b. On the opposite page of this sheet write 

(1) the declension of each of the following in the singular: 

fides, ignis, senatus. 

(2) the declension of each of the following in the plural: ager, 

causa, ego. 

(3) the declension of hie in the neuter, singular and plural. 

(4) a synopsis of sequor in the third person singular, indicative 

and subjunctive. 


128 



LATIN—First Two Years 

Tuesday, January 17, 1922—1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


Answer seven questions 

1. Time-limited test on separate sheet. 

2. Translate the following passages into English and answer the 
questions thereon: 

1 Caesar singulis legidnibus singulos legates et quaestorem praefecit, 

2 utl eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberel ; ipse a dextro cornu, quod 

3 earn partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium 

4 commlsit. Ita nostrl acriter in hostes slgno dato impetum fecerunt, 

5 itaque hostes repente celeriterque procurrerunt ut spatium plla in 

6 hostes coniciendl non daretur. Reiectls pills comminus gladiis pugna- 

7 turn est. At Germanl, celeriter ex consuetudine sua phalange facta, 

8 impetus gladiorum exceperunt.— De Bello Gallied, I, 52 

9 His supplicils celeriter coacto exercitu, Lucterium Cadurcum, 

10 summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copiarum in Rutenos mittit; 

11 ipse in Biturlges proficlscitur. Eius adventu Biturlges ad Haeduos, 

12 quorum erant in fide, legates mittunt subsidium rogatum, que facilius 

13 hostium cepias sustinere possint. Haedul de censilie legatOrum, ques 

14 Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, cepias equitatus peditatusque subsidid 

15 Biturlgibus mittunt. Qul cum ad flumen Ligerim venissent, quod 

16 Biturlges ab Haeduls dlvidit, pauces dies ibi moratl neque flQmen 

17 transire aus!, domum revertuntur.— De Bello Gallico, VII, 5 

a. Give the reason for the case of each of three of the following and 

state the word on which the construction depends: legidnibus 
(line 1), gladiis (line 6), adventu (line 11), subsidid (line 14), 
dies (line 16). 

b. Give the reason for the mode of each of four of the following: 

haberet (line 2), animadverterat (line 3), daretur (line 6), possint 
(line 13), reliquerat (line 14), venissent (line 15). 

3. Answer a, b and c: 

a. Write 10 English words each of which is derived from a stem 
of the verb moved. 


129 



130 


EXAMINATION PAPERS 


b. Define each of three of the following words according to its 
etymology: illegible, auditor, description, circumlocution. 

. c. Give, with meaning, the Latin prefix and the verb from which 
each of five of the following is derived: advent, repulsive, 
export, introduce, propose, convert, submission. 

4. Who were the members of the First Triumvirate? 

Or 

Describe by diagram or otherwise a Roman camp. 

5. Translate into English: 

THE ARMY OF THE VENELLI 

18 Dum haec in Venetls geruntur, Quintus Titurius Sablnus cum eis 

19 copils quas a Caesare acceperat in fines Venellorum pervenit. His 

20 praeerat Viridovlx ac summam imperl tenebat earum omnium clvita- 

21 turn quae defecerant, ex quibus exercitum magnasque cOpias coegerat; 

22 atque his paucls diebus Aulercl Eburovlces Lexovilque senatu suO 

23 interfecto, quod auctores belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt seque 

24 cum Viridovlce coniunerunt; magnaque praeterea multitude undique 

25 ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat, quos spes 

26 praedandl ab agrl cultura et cotldiano labore revocabat. 

— De Bello Gallico, III, 17 

auctores (line 23) = supporters 
perditorum (line 25) = wicked 
latronum (line 25) =thieves 
praedandl (line 26) =of plundering 
cultura (line 26) = tillage 

6. Write in Latin three of the following sentences: 

a. After the Gauls were conquered, Caesar went to Rome to see 

his friends. 

b. He was in great danger but he did not try to leave the city. 

c. They said ambassadors had been sent because they feared the 

barbarians. 

d. The soldiers fought so bravely that they captured the city 

within five hours. 

7. Write complete Latin sentences illustrating two of the following 
principles of syntax and translate each sentence: (a) ablative of agent, 

( b ) dative of agent, (c) relative clause of purpose. 


LATIN—First Two Years 
(Time-limited Test) 

Tuesday, June 20, 1922—1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


1. a. On this page, 
English: 

opposite each Latin word, 

write its meaning 

1. dormio 

18. intra 

35. finis 

2. ineo 

19. dubius 

36. hue 

3. levis 

20. nondum 

37. incolo 

4. adorior 

21. munio 

38. servio 

5. noster 

22. navigium 

39. prior 

6. angustus 

23. poena 

40. quisquam 

7. tot 

24. patior 

41. rideo 

8. clam 

25. lux 

42. acer 

9. libero 

26. solus 

43. intercludo 

10. sinister 

27. triduum 

44. cohortor 

11. vix 

28. venio 

45. praecipio 

12. oro 

29. tertius 

46. nam 

13. tamen 

30. aegre 

47. repello 

14. consilium 

31. invenio 

48. desisto 

15. vereor 

32. custodia 

49. postulo 

16. fero 

33. duodeviginti 

50. metus 

17. insidiae 

34. mater 



b. On the opposite page of this sheet write: 

(1) the declension of animus in the singular and of tu in the 

plural. 

(2) the declension of omnis in the masculine singular and the 

neuter plural. 

(3) the conjugation of laudo in the present subjunctive active 

and of facio in the perfect indicative active. 

(4) the synopsis of possum in the third person singular, indica¬ 

tive and subjunctive. 

(5) the comparative and superlative of each of the following: 

parvus, facilis, certus, bene . 

131 



LATIN—First Two Years 


Tuesday, June 20, 1922—1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


Answer six questions 

1. Time-limited test on separate sheet. 

2. Translate the following passages into English and answer the 
questions thereon: 

1 His rebus cognitls Medea rem aegre tulit, et regni cupiditate 

2 adducta mortem regl per dolum Infer re cOnstituit. Hoc constitute 

3 ad fllias regis venit atque ita locuta est: “ Videtis patrem vestrum 

4 aetate iam esse confectum neque ad laborem regnandl perferendum 

5 satis valere. Vultisne eum rursus iuvenem fieri? ” 

—Ritchie, The Argonauts 

6 Hostes proelio superatl, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim 

7 ad Caesarem legatos de pace mlserunt; obsides daturOs quaeque 

8 imperasset facturOs esse pollicitl sunt. Una cum his legatls Commius 

9 Atrebas venit, quern supra demOnstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam 

10 praemissum. Hunc illl e navi egressum, cum ad eOs CratOris mode 

11 Caesaris mandata deferret , comprehenderant atque in vincula coniece- 

12 rant.— De Bello Gallico, IV, 27 

13 Caesar, cOnsiliO eius probate, etsl opinidne trium legiOnum deiectus 

14 ad duas reciderat, tamen unum communl salutl auxilium in celeritate 

15 penebat. Venit magnls itinerihus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captlvls 

16 cognOscit, quae apud CicerOnem gerantur quantOque in perlculO res sit. 

17 Turn cuidam ex equitibus Gallls magnls praemils persuadet uti ad 

18 CicerOnem epistulam deferat.—De Bello Gallico , V, 48 

a. Give the reason for the case of each of three of the following and 
state the word or words on which the construction depends: 
regni (line i), eum (line 5), opinidne (line 13), itinerihus (line 15), 
cuidam (line 17). 

h. Give the reason for the mode of each of three of the following and 
state the word on which the construction depends: inferre 
(line 2), deferret (line 11), sit (line 16), deferat (line 18). 

132 



EXAMINATION PAPERS 


133 


3. Answer both a and b: 

a. Describe briefly three of the following: pllum, scutum , navis 

longa, cohors. 

b. In what year did Caesar become governor of Gaul? What 

office had he held at Rome during the previous year? 

4. Answer a, b and c: 

a. Write 10 different English words each containing a stem of 

scribo. 

b. Give two Latin verbs containing the prefix con, and two contain¬ 

ing the prefix de\ show how the force of the prefix affects the 
meaning of each verb given. 

c. Define each of three of the following words according to its 

etymology: premonition, invincible, viaduct, recurrence. 

5. Translate into English: 

CAESAR AND THE FOLLOWERS OF POMPEY MANEUVER FOR POSITION 

19 Qua re animadversa Caesar copias suas dlvlsit partemque legionum 

20 in castrls Pompei remanere iussit, partem in sua castra remlsit. Quat- 

21 tuor secum legiones duxit commodioreque itinere Pompeianls occurrere 

22 coepit et progressus milia passuum sex aciem instruxit. Qua re anim- 

23 adversa Pompeiani in quodam monte constiterunt. Hunc montem 

24 flumen subluebat. Caesar milites cohortatus, etsl nox iam suberat, 

25 tamen munltione flumen a monte seclusit, ne noctu aquarl Pompeiani 

26 possent.— De Bello Clvlll, III, 97 

subluebat (line 24) = flowed at the foot of 
suberat (line 24) = was at hand 
seclusit (line 25) =shut off 
aquari (line 25) =to get water 

6. Write in Latin four of the following sentences: 

a. Caesar asked them why they wished to march through his 

province. 

b. They answered him that they were unable to use any.other road. 

c. The Veneti were so strong in ships that they resisted the 

r Romans a long time. 

d. After accepting the king’s two sons as hostages he led the army 
back into camp. 

e. If a battle is fought, we shall conquer on account of the great 
number of our soldiers. 

/. Are you afraid that the enemy will attack us during the night? 




EXAMINATION PAPERS 


LATIN—First Two Years 

[Time-limited Test\ 

Tuesday, January 23, 1923— 1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


1. a. On this page, 

opposite each Latin word, 

write its meaning 

English: [ 5 ] 



1. mille 

18. ostendo 

35.. infra 

2. potior 

19. decemo 

36. ambulo 

3. eripio 

20. caedo 

37. plenus 

4. concurro 

21. navigo 

38. accipio 

5. verus 

22. vox 

39. legatus 

6. lingua 

23. recens 

40. revoco 

7. commodus 

24. paulum 

41. tollo 

8. solvo 

25. quattuor 

42. vivus 

9. puer 

26. nonus 

43. ille 

10. aequus 

27. consequor 

44. propono 

11. salus 

28. dexter 

45. duodecim 

12. produco 

29. imperitus 

46. pertineo 

13. defensor 

30. mando 

47. partim 

14. infero 

31. facio 

48. frater 

15. peto 

32. cur 

49. oppono 

16. claudo 

33. ceteri 

750. castellum 

17. noctu 

34. filia 



b. On the opposite page of this sheet write: [5] 

(1) the declension of pater in the plural and of ipse in the 

feminine singular. 

(2) the declension of acer in the neuter singular and the 

masculine plural. 

(3) the conjugation of adeo in the present subjunctive and of 

solvo in the perfect indicative active. 

(4) the synopsis of iacio in the third person plural, indicative 

and subjunctive active. 

(5) the comparative and superlative of each of the following: 

superus, brevis , pulcher. longe. 

134 









LATIN—First Two Years 


Tuesday, January 23, 1923—1.15 to 4.15 p. m., only 


Answer six questions. 

1. Time-limited test on separate sheet. [ 10 ] 

2. Translate the following passages into English and answer the 
questions thereon: 

1 Ibi paucas horas in ancons exspectavit; a nautls enim cognoverat 

2 aquae copiam, quam secum haberent, iam deficere; quam ob causam 

3 quldam ex Argonautls in terram egressl aquam quaerebant. Horum 

4 in numero erat Hylas quldam, puer forma, praestantissima, qul, dum 

5 fontem quaerit, a comitibus paulum secesserat.—Ritchie, The Argo- 

6 nauts [ 10 ] 

7 Helvetil omnium rerum inopia adductl legatos de deditione ad eum 

8 mlserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere convenissent seque ad pedes proiecis- 

9 sent suppliciterque locutl flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, 

10 quo turn essent, suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo 

11 postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos perfugissent, 

12 poposcit.— De Bello Gallic0, I, 27 [ 10 ] 

13 Qua re nuntiata Caesar suum quoque equitatum tripertlto dlvlsum 

14 contra hostem ire iubet. Pugnatur una omnibus in partibus. Con- 

15 sistit agmen; impedimenta intra legiones recipiuntur. Si qua in parte 

16 nostri laborare aut gravius premi videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar 

17 aciemque convert! iubebat; quae res et hostes ad insequendum tardabat 

18 et nostros spe auxili confirmabat.— De Bello Gallicd, VII, 67 [ 10 ] 

a Give the reason for the case of each of three of the following and 
state the word on which the construction depends: horas (line 1), 
forma (line 4), eos (line 9), auxili (line 18). [ 6 ] 

b Give the reason for the mode of each of three of the following and 
state the word or words on which the construction depends: 
haberent (line 2), quaerit (line 5), pervenit (line 11), premi (line 
16). [*] 

3. Answer both a and b: 

a. Give two facts mentioned by Caesar with regard to the training 
of druids in Gaul. [ 2 ] 

135 



136 


EXAMINATION PAPERS 


b. Write a brief explanatory note on each of three of the following: 
quaestor, aquila, centurio, Aquitania, Rubicon, ides of 
March. [ 3 ] 

4. Answer a , b and c: 

a. Write 10 different English words each containing a stem of 

duco. [ 6 ] 

b. Mention four Latin prefixes and give a Latin word and an 

English word containing each prefix. [Do not use the verb 
duco in answering this question.] [ 4 ] 

c. Define each of three of the following, words according to its 

etymology: beneficent, assume, contemporary, provident, 
magnanimity. [ 3 ] 

5. Translate into English: [ 15 ] 

[Some of Caesar’s men are attacked while foraging but repel the enemy 
with great slaughter.] 

19 Postero die procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt atque 

20 se ostendere et nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed 

21 merldie cum Caesar pabulandl causa tres legiones atque omnem 

22 equitatum cum C. Trebonio legato mlsisset, repente ex omnibus 

23 partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt. Nostrl acriter in eos impetu 
24. facto reppulerunt neque flnem sequendl fecerunt quoad praecipites 

25 hostes egerunt, magnoque eorum numero interfecto non sui colligendl 

26 facultatem dederunt.— De Bello Gallico, V, 17 

pabulatores (line 23) = foragers 
advolaverunt (line 23) = charged upon 
quoad (line 24) = until 

6. Write in Latin four of the following sentences: [ 16 ] 

a. Caesar marched all day in order that he might reach his camp 

before night. 

b. Ambassadors sent by the Gauls said that they wished to confer 

with Caesar. 

c. Since the Helvetii were very powerful, they fought with their 

neighbors in daily battles. 

d. The general inquired how large the enemy’s forces were. 

We do not doubt that very many of the cavalry have been 
wounded. 

/. He will send three cohorts as an aid to the soldiers who are on 
the left wing. 


LATIN—Third Year 


Answer five questions 

i. Translate the following passages into English and answer the 
questions thereon: 

1 Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperlrl iubet, quas 

2 sibi a Lentulo ad Catillnam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementis- 

3 sime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et slgnum et manum suam cognovit. 

4 Erant autem sine nomine, sed ita: “ Quis sim, scies ex eo quem ad te 

5 mlsl. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita, quem in locum sis progressus. Vide 

6 ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, 

7 etiam infimorum.”— In Catillnam , III, 5 

8 An vero tarn parvl animl videamur esse omnes, qul in re publics 

9 atque in his vitae perlculls laboribusque versamur, ut, cum usque ad 
to extremum spatium nullum tranquillum atque otiosum splritum duxeri- 

11 mus, noblscum simul moritura omnia arbitremur. An statuas et 

12 imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose multi 

13 summl homines rellquerunt; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum 

14 nostrarum effigiem nonne multo mdlle debemus, summls ingenils 

15 expressam et polltam?— Pro Archid Poeta, 12 

a. Give the reason for the case of each of two of the following and 

state the word on which the construction depends: quas 
(line 1), tibi (line 6), animl (line 8). 

b. Give the reason for the mode of each of three of the following 

and state the word or words on which the construction 
depends: sim (line 4), sis (line 5), duxerimus (line 10), 
arbitremur (line n). 

c. Write the third person singular perfect indicative active of 

proferri (line 1); the genitive plural of manum (line 3); 
the dative singular feminine of nullum (line 10); the third 
person plural imperfect indicative of moritura (line 11); 
the third person singular present indicative of mdlle (line 14.) 
Compare extremum (line 10). 

d. Write an English noun and an English adjective associated by- 

derivation with litteras (line 1); an English verb and an 
English adjective associated by derivation with corporum 
(line 12). 


137 



138 


EXAMINATION PAPERS 


2. Define each of the following words and state the Latin elements of 
which it is composed: subscribe, convene, progress (verb). 

3. Answer either a or b: 

a. Write an outline of Cicero’s first oration against Catiline. 

b. Show by map or otherwise the location of Arpinum, Brun- 

disium, Faesulae, Rome. What road connected Rome with 
Brundisium? 

4. Translate into English: 

(The wicked should be removed from the state just as diseased parts 
from the body.) 

16 Ego Catilinam perlre volui. Num tQ, qui omnes salvos vis, 

17 Catilinam salvum esse voluistl? Hoc interest, Calene, inter meam 

18 sententiam et tuam. Ego nolo quemquam clvem committere ut 

19 morte multandus sit; tu, etiam si commlserit, conservandum putas. 

20 In corpore si quid eius modi est quod reliquo corporl noceat, id url 

21 secarlque patimur, ut membrum aliquod potius quam totum corpus 

22 intereat. Sic in rel publicae corpore, ut totum salvum sit, quicquid est 

23 pestiferum amputetur.—Cicero, In M. Antonium, VIII, 5 
multandus (line 19) from multo, punish; iiri (line 20) from uro, burn; 

secdri (line 21) from seed, cut; membrum (line 21), limb; pestiferum (line 
23), deadly; amputetur (line 23) from ampulo , cut off. 

5. Translate into Latin either a or b: 

a. After Lepidus refused to receive you, you dared to come to me 

and to ask me to watch over ( adservo ) you at my home. 
Although you ought to have been put to death long ago, 
you still live Do you not see that all who are here hate 
you? Go out from the city! If you will do this, all these 
senators will follow you. 

b. When Mithridates fled from his kingdom, he left there a very 

great mass (vis) of gold ( aurum ) and silver which he had 
collected from all Asia. The Roman soldiers who were 
delaying in order t0 get possession of this booty, did not 
notice the king’s escape. If Pompey had not finally been 
chosen general, the Roman state would have been in great 
danger. 


LATIN—Third Year 


Answer four questions 

1. Translate the following passages into English and answer the ques¬ 
tions thereon: 

1 Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, perge quo coepistl, egredere aliquando 

2 ex urbe ; patent portae; proficiscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua 

3 ilia Manliana castra deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si 

4 minus, quam plurimos; purga urbem. Magno me metu, llberabis, 

5 dum modo inter me atque te mu.rus intersit. Nobiscum versarl iam 

6 diutius nonpotes; non feram, non patiar , non sinam.— In Catilinam , I, 5 

7 Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, qul non mandarl 

8 versibus aetemum suorum laborum facile praeconium patiatur. Themi- 

9 stoclem ilium, summum Athenls virum, dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo 

10 quaereretur , quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audlret: Eius 

11 a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur. Itaque ille Marius item eximie 

12 L. Plotium dllexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse cele- 

13 brarl.— Pro Archid Poetd, 9 

a. Write the principal parts of proficiscere (line 2), patiar (line 6); 

the synopsis of dixisse (line 10) in the subjunctive passive third 
plural; the comparison of diutius (line 6), libentissime (line 10), 
optime (line 11). 

b. Give the reason for the case of each of three of the following and 

state the word on which the construction depends: impera- 
torem (line 2), metu (line 4), versibus (line 8), quo (line 11), 
ingenio (line 12). 

c. Give the reason for the mode of each of three of the following and 

state the word on which the construction depends: inter sit 
(line 5), patiatur (line 8), dixisse (line 9), quaereretur (line 10). 

d. Explain the force of the suffix tor in imperatorem (line 2); of the 

prefix in aversus (line 7)* Write two English words associated 
by derivation with each of the following: urbe (line 2), magno 
(line 4 ) f facile (line 8), vocem (line 10). 

2. State the cause of Cicero’s banishment and explain why he was 
recalled. 

Or 

State for what reason and by whose order Cicero was assassinated. 

139 







































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r\ 3 ( 
































































